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Xanthine dehydrogenase: An old enzyme with new knowledge and prospects

机译：黄嘌呤脱氢酶：一种具有新知识和新前景的旧酶

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Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4, XDH) is a typical and complex molybdenum-containing flavoprotein which has been extensively studied for over 110?years. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of purines, pterin and aldehydes with NAD~(+) or NADP~(+) as electron acceptor, and sometimes can be transformed to xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2, XOD) capable of utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor. XDHs are widely distributed in all eukarya, bacteria and archaea domains, and are proposed to play significant roles in various cellular processes, including purine catabolism and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in both physiological and pathological contexts. The recent applications of XDHs include clinical detections of xanthine and hypoxanthine content in body fluidics, and other diagnostic biomarkers like inorganic phosphorus, 5′-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase. XDHs can also find applications in environmental degradation of pollutants like aldehydes and industrial application in nucleoside drugs like ribavirin. In this commentary, we would outline the latest knowledge on occurrence, structure, biosynthesis, and recent advances of production and applications of XDH, and highlighted the need to develop XDHs with improved performances by gene prospecting and protein engineering, and protocols for efficient production of active XDHs in response to the increasing demands.
机译：黄嘌呤脱氢酶（EC 1.17.1.4，XDH）是一种典型且复杂的含钼黄素蛋白，已被广泛研究了110多年。这种酶以NAD〜（+）或NADP〜（+）作为电子受体催化嘌呤，蝶呤和醛类的氧化，有时可以转化为能够利用氧作为电子的黄嘌呤氧化酶（EC 1.17.3.2，XOD）。受体。 XDHs广泛分布于所有真核生物，细菌和古细菌域，并被提议在各种细胞过程中发挥重要作用，包括嘌呤分解代谢以及生理和病理学背景下的活性氧（ROS）和一氧化氮（NO）的产生。 XDH的最新应用包括体液中黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤含量的临床检测，以及其他诊断性生物标记物，如无机磷，5'-核苷酸酶和腺苷脱氨酶。 XDH还可以在环境中降解醛等污染物，并在核苷类药物如利巴韦林中工业应用。在这篇评论中，我们将概述有关XDH的出现，结构，生物合成以及生产和应用的最新进展的最新知识，并强调需要通过基因勘探和蛋白质工程以及有效生产XDH的协议来开发性能提高的XDH。积极的XDH以应对不断增长的需求。

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