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Bioecological principles of maintaining stability in mountain forest ecosystems of the Ukrainian Carpathians

机译：维持乌克兰喀尔巴阡山脉森林生态系统稳定性的生物生态学原理

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The forest cover of the Carpathians has been deeply transformed by productive activities over the past centuries. The forest cover, age and species structure of its ecosystems have been changed. Beech and fir forests were replaced by spruce monocultures. Consequently, nitrogen and mineral elements cycles changed, the genetic and population structures altered and the eco-stabilizing function of forests decreased. These negative trends make it desirable to process the bioecological principles of maintenance the stability of mountain forest ecosystems. The proposed bioecological principles of support and recovery of stability of forest ecosystems are part of the paradigm of mountain dendrology and silviculture. The strategy is based on maintaining bio-ecological and population-genetical features of the main forest forming species, evolutionary typological classification of the forests, landscape and environmental specifics of the mountain part of the Ukrainian Carpathians, features of virgin, old growth and anthropogenically disturbed forest structures, as well as performing the functional role of forest ecosystems. Support for landscape ecosystem stability involves the conservation, selective, health and gradual cutting, formation of forest stands which are close to natural conditions and focusing on natural regeneration (a basis for stable mountain forest ecosystems).?.
机译：在过去的几个世纪中，喀尔巴阡山脉的森林覆盖已因生产活动而发生了深刻的变化。其生态系统的森林覆盖率，年龄和物种结构已经改变。山毛榉和杉木林被云杉单一栽培所取代。因此，氮和矿质元素的循环发生了变化，遗传和种群结构发生了变化，森林的生态稳定功能下降了。这些不利趋势使人们有必要处理维持山区森林生态系统稳定性的生物生态学原理。拟议的支持和恢复森林生态系统稳定性的生物生态学原理是山地树木学和造林学范式的一部分。该战略的基础是维持主要森林形成物种的生物生态学和种群遗传特征，森林的进化类型分类，乌克兰喀尔巴阡山脉部分的景观和环境特征，处女的特征，陈年生长和人为干扰森林结构以及森林生态系统的功能性作用。对景观生态系统稳定性的支持包括保护，选择性，健康和逐步砍伐，形成接近自然条件的林分并注重自然再生（稳定山地森林生态系统的基础）。

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