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Rodent-avoidance, topography and forest structure shape territory selection of a forest bird

机译：避鼠，地形和森林结构塑造了森林鸟类的区域选择

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Background Understanding the factors underlying habitat selection is important in ecological and evolutionary contexts, and crucial for developing targeted conservation action in threatened species. However, the key factors associated to habitat selection often remain poorly known. We evaluated hypotheses related to abiotic and biotic factors thought to affect territory selection of the wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix , a passerine living in an unpredictable environment owing to irregular rodent outbreaks and showing long-term declines particularly in Western Europe. Results Comparing breeding territories to unoccupied areas located close-by revealed that territory occupancy in north-western Switzerland was positively related to slope steepness (topographic hypothesis supported) as well as to numbers of tussocks and trees, respectively, while it showed a unimodal relationship to cover of herb layer (forest structure hypothesis supported). Furthermore, a strong negative correlation between breeding territory occupancy and rodent numbers was found, suggesting that wood warblers avoid areas with high rodent densities (rodent-avoidance hypothesis supported). Comparing breeding territories to abandoned territories showed that breeding territories were located on steeper slopes (topography hypothesis supported), at larger distance from the forest edge (anthropogenic disturbance hypothesis supported) and harboured more trees (forest structure hypothesis supported) than abandoned territories. Conclusions Aside from structural and topographic features of the habitat, wood warblers are affected by rodent numbers when settling, making habitat selection unpredictable from year to year. Forestry practices promoting relatively high tree densities, few bushes and an intermediate low-growing ground vegetation cover would enhance habitat quality for this declining passerine. In contrast, forestry practices aiming at increasing light in forests (selective thinning, group-felling) or keeping forest stands permanently covered with shrubs, bushes and trees of various sizes (continuous cover forestry) do not benefit the wood warbler.
机译：背景技术了解栖息地选择的基础因素在生态和进化背景下很重要，对于在受威胁物种中开展有针对性的保护行动至关重要。但是，与栖息地选择相关的关键因素通常仍然鲜为人知。我们评估了与非生物和生物因素有关的假设，这些假设被认为会影响木莺Phylloscopus sibilatrix的领土选择，Phaseloscopus sibilatrix是由于不规则的啮齿动物暴发而生活在无法预测的环境中的pass鱼，尤其是在西欧，其长期下降。结果将繁殖地区与附近的无人区进行比较后发现，瑞士西北部的地区占用与坡度（支持地形假设）以及草丛和树木的数量呈正相关，而与草地的单峰关系呈正相关。药草覆盖层（支持森林结构假说）。此外，发现繁殖地的占有率与啮齿动物数量之间存在极强的负相关性，这表明木鸣鸟避开了具有高啮齿动物密度的区域（支持避鼠假设）。将繁殖地区与废弃地区进行比较表明，繁殖地区位于更陡的斜坡上（支持地形假设），与森林边缘的距离更大（支持人为干扰假设），并且比废弃地区拥有更多的树木（支持森林结构假设）。结论除了栖息地的结构和地形特征外，木材莺在定居时还受到啮齿动物数量的影响，使得栖息地的选择每年都难以预测。促进相对较高的树木密度，少量灌木和中等低生长的地面植被的林业实践将提高这种下降的雀形目的栖息地质量。相比之下，旨在增加森林采光量（选择性疏伐，集体砍伐）或使林分架永久被各种尺寸的灌木，灌木和树木覆盖的林业做法（连续覆盖林）不利于木莺。

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