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首页> 外文期刊>BioTechnology: An Indian Journal >Multi-Drug Resistant Genes in Bacteria and 21st Century Problems Associated with Antibiotic Therapy
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Multi-Drug Resistant Genes in Bacteria and 21st Century Problems Associated with Antibiotic Therapy

机译：细菌中的多药耐药基因和与抗生素治疗相关的21世纪问题

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Bacterial infections are cured by antibiotics since 1930s but recently such antibiotics would not work to cure most bacterial infections due to accumulation of many MDR genes in bacterial plasmids. Most notorious MDR gene is β-lactamase gene (bla) which hydrolyses lactam ring CO–N bond of penicillin. Other MDR genes include tet gene isomers which encode a membrane-bound drug efflux protein (~400 aa) which kicks out tetracycline from bacterial cell cytoplasm. strA/B gene encodes an enzyme (~267 aa) that phosphorylates streptomycin and phosphorylated streptomycin could not bind bacterial 50S ribosome. Similarly, diversified aad and aph MDR genes adenylate and phosphorylate aminoglycoside antibiotics which then could not able to bind ribosome to kill bacteria. cat gene acetylates chloramphenicol and acetylated chloramphenicol could not bind 30S ribosome Diversified aminoglycoside acetyl transferases (aacA1 and aacC1) also acetylate at various position of neomycin, amakacin and gentamycin. arr gene ribosylates refamycins which then could not inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase. Sul1/2 genes have been implicated in sulfamethoxazole resistant in the recent outbreaks of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. VanA gene cluster are involved in the vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus facium as well as Staphyloocucus aureus and recently in Escherichia coli. ermA/B genes are diverged 23S rRNA methyl transferases that give resistant to macrolides. Other potential genes are MFS, RND and MATE types drug efflux genes that could kick out drugs in a proton-pump mechanism. Similarly, certain drug ABC transporters efflux antibiotics like doxorubicin with ATPase activity and mcr-1 gene (phosphoethanolamine transferase) gives resistant to colistin drug. Thus, we see that diverse MDR genes are present in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. enterica, P. aeruginosa, and many other common pathogens both located in large conjugative plasmids and chromosome. The author concluded that golden era of antibiotic had ended within 80 years of its discovery and alternative medicines like heterogeneous herbal antibiotics, bacteriophage therapy and gene medicines (antisense, ribozyme and miRNA) were now popular all over the world.
机译：自1930年代以来，细菌感染已通过抗生素治愈，但是最近，由于许多MDR基因在细菌质粒中积累，此类抗生素无法治愈大多数细菌感染。最臭名昭著的MDR基因是β-内酰胺酶基因（bla），它水解青霉素的内酰胺环CO–N键。其他MDR基因包括tet基因异构体，其编码膜结合的药物外排蛋白（〜400aa），可将四环素从细菌细胞质中排出。 strA / B基因编码一种酶（〜267 aa），该酶使链霉素磷酸化，而磷酸化的链霉素不能结合细菌50S核糖体。类似地，多样化的aad和aph MDR基因使氨基糖苷类抗生素的腺苷酸化和磷酸化，从而无法结合核糖体来杀死细菌。 cat基因乙酰氯霉素和乙酰氯霉素不能结合30S核糖体多样化的氨基糖苷乙酰基转移酶（aacA1和aacC1）还在新霉素，阿马卡星和庆大霉素的不同位置处乙酰化。 arr基因使核糖基化，从而不能抑制细菌RNA聚合酶。在最近嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的爆发中，Sul1 / 2基因与耐磺胺甲恶唑有关。 VanA基因簇参与了肠球菌，金黄色葡萄球菌以及最近在大肠杆菌中对万古霉素的耐药性。 ermA / B基因是23S rRNA甲基转移酶，对大环内酯类具有抗性。其他潜在的基因是MFS，RND和MATE类型的药物外排基因，它们可能以质子泵机制踢出药物。同样，某些药物ABC转运蛋白外排抗生素，例如具有ATPase活性和mcr-1基因（磷酸乙醇胺转移酶）的阿霉素，对粘菌素药物产生抗药性。因此，我们看到在大肠杆菌，肺炎克雷伯菌，金黄色葡萄球菌，肠炎沙门氏菌，铜绿假单胞菌和许多其他常见病原体中都存在多种MDR基因，它们均位于较大的结合质粒和染色体中。作者得出的结论是，抗生素的黄金时代已经结束，并在80年之内就结束了，异类草药，细菌噬菌体疗法和基因药物（反义，核酶和miRNA）等替代药物如今在世界范围内广为流行。

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