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首页> 外文期刊>BMC Ecology >The carotenoid-continuum: carotenoid-based plumage ranges from conspicuous to cryptic and back again
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The carotenoid-continuum: carotenoid-based plumage ranges from conspicuous to cryptic and back again

机译：类胡萝卜素连续体：基于类胡萝卜素的羽毛范围从明显到隐秘，然后再返回

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Background Carotenoids are frequently used by birds to colour their plumage with green, yellow, orange or red hues, and carotenoid-based colours are considered honest signals of quality, although they may have other functions, such as crypsis. It is usually assumed that red through yellow colours have a signalling function while green is cryptic. Here we challenge this notion using the yellow and green colouration of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), great tits (Parus major) and greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) as a model. Results The relationship between colouration (chroma, computed using visual sensitivities of conspecifics) and detectability (contrast against natural backgrounds as perceived by conspecifics and avian predators) followed a similar curvilinear pattern for yellow and green plumage with minimum detectability at intermediate levels of carotenoid deposition. Thus, for yellow and green plumage, colours at or close to the point of minimum detectability may aid in crypsis. This may be the case for blue and great tit green and yellow plumage, and greenfinch green plumage, all of which had comparably low levels of detectability, while greenfinch yellow plumage was more chromatic and detectable. As yellow and green blue tit colouration are strongly affected by carotenoid availability during moult, variation in pigment availability between habitats may affect the degree of background-matching or the costliness of producing cryptic plumage. Conclusions Increasing carotenoid-deposition in the integument does not always lead to more conspicuous colours. In some cases, such as in blue or great tits, carotenoid deposition may be selected through enhanced background-matching, which in turn suggests that producing cryptic plumage may entail costs. We stress however, that our data do not rule out a signalling function of carotenoid-based plumage in tits. Rather, it shows that alternative functions are plausible and that assuming a signalling function based solely on the deposition of carotenoids in the integument may not be warranted.
机译：背景技术类胡萝卜素经常被鸟类用来以绿色，黄色，橙色或红色调为它们的羽毛着色，基于类胡萝卜素的颜色被认为是诚实的质量信号，尽管它们可能还具有其他功能，例如低温动物。通常假设红色到黄色具有发信号的功能，而绿色是隐秘的。在这里，我们以蓝山雀（Cyanistes caeruleus），大山雀（Parus major）和绿雀（Carduelis chloris）的黄色和绿色为模型来挑战这一概念。结果着色（色度，使用特定物种的视觉敏感性计算得出）与可检测性（与特定物种和鸟类掠食者感知的自然背景形成对比）之间的关系遵循相似的黄色和绿色羽毛曲线模式，在类胡萝卜素沉积的中等水平下可检测性最低。因此，对于黄色和绿色的羽毛，处于或接近最小可检测性的颜色可能会有助于低温。蓝色和大山雀绿色和黄色的羽毛以及绿雀科的绿色羽毛可能就是这种情况，所有这些都具有相对较低的可检测性，而绿雀科的黄色羽毛更具有彩色和可检测性。由于黄色和绿色蓝色山雀的颜色在换羽期间受到类胡萝卜素可用性的强烈影响，生境之间色素可用性的变化可能会影响背景匹配的程度或生产隐秘羽毛的成本。结论增加被膜中的类胡萝卜素沉积并不总是会导致颜色更加明显。在某些情况下，例如在蓝山雀或大山雀中，可以通过增强背景匹配来选择类胡萝卜素沉积，这反过来又意味着生产隐秘的羽毛可能会带来成本。但是，我们要强调的是，我们的数据并不排除山雀类胡萝卜素类羽毛的信号传导功能。相反，它表明替代功能是合理的，并且仅基于类胡萝卜素在外皮中的沉积而假设信号功能可能不成立。

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