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Empirical studies on informal patient payments for health care services: a systematic and critical review of research methods and instruments

机译：关于为医疗服务提供非正式患者付款的实证研究：对研究方法和手段的系统且严格的审查

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Background Empirical evidence demonstrates that informal patient payments are an important feature of many health care systems. However, the study of these payments is a challenging task because of their potentially illegal and sensitive nature. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review and analysis of key methodological difficulties in measuring informal patient payments. Methods The systematic review was based on the following eligibility criteria: English language publications that reported on empirical studies measuring informal patient payments. There were no limitations with regard to the year of publication. The content of the publications was analysed qualitatively and the results were organised in the form of tables. Data sources were Econlit, Econpapers, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SocINDEX. Results Informal payments for health care services are most often investigated in studies involving patients or the general public, but providers and officials are also sample units in some studies. The majority of the studies apply a single mode of data collection that involves either face-to-face interviews or group discussions. One of the main methodological difficulties reported in the publication concerns the inability of some respondents to distinguish between official and unofficial payments. Another complication is associated with the refusal of some respondents to answer questions on informal patient payments. We do not exclude the possibility that we have missed studies that reported in non-English language journals as well as very recent studies that are not yet published. Conclusions Given the recent evidence from research on survey methods, a self-administrated questionnaire during a face-to-face interview could be a suitable mode of collecting sensitive data, such as data on informal patient payments.
机译：背景经验证据表明，非正式的患者付费是许多医疗保健系统的重要特征。但是，对这些付款的研究由于其潜在的非法和敏感性质而具有挑战性。本文的目的是提供系统的回顾和分析，在衡量非正式患者付款的主要方法上的困难。方法系统评价基于以下资格标准：英文出版物，报告了测量非正式患者付款的实证研究。出版年份没有任何限制。对出版物的内容进行了定性分析，结果以表格形式组织。数据来源为Econlit，Econpapers，Medline，PubMed，ScienceDirect，SocINDEX。结果在涉及患者或公众的研究中，医疗服务的非正规支付最经常被调查，但是在某些研究中，提供者和官员也是样本单位。大多数研究采用单一数据收集方式，涉及面对面访谈或小组讨论。该出版物中报告的主要方法上的困难之一涉及一些答复者无法区分官方付款和非正式付款。另一个复杂因素是一些受访者拒绝回答有关非正式患者付款的问题。我们不排除我们错过了非英语期刊上报道的研究以及尚未发表的最新研究的可能性。结论鉴于调查方法研究的最新证据，在面对面访谈中使用自行管理的问卷可能是收集敏感数据（例如非正式患者付款数据）的合适方式。

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