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首页> 外文期刊>Cahiers Agricultures >Urban fringe agriculture: the political economy of an innovating space
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Urban fringe agriculture: the political economy of an innovating space

机译：城市边缘农业：创新空间的政治经济学

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The present article describes conceptualization changes relative to the structure and dynamics of urban fringe agriculture, along with implications for agricultural land-use planning. Research that has been conducted over the last 50 years in North America and Western Europe is reviewed and assessed. The image we once had of urban fringe agriculture was stereotyped and relatively simplistic, but it is now much more complex. This concept is still evolving, with the emergence of a political economy approach, focusing on local situations. The main concern in North America until the late 1970s was the negative impact of urban expansion on agriculture. This was related to growing environmental awareness and an interest in the disciplines of geography and regional science through a neo-classical approach, starting with a modified form of Thunian analysis (Fig. 1A) applied to the rapid urban expansion phenomenon and its effects on agriculture. The resulting negative image of urban fringe agriculture represented one of the main underpinnings of the different agricultural land protection programmes under way in the 1960s and 1970s. Their frequent failure reflects the partial and biased nature of this interpretation of urban fringe agriculture. However, other research began underscoring the complexity of the problem and highlighted the diversity of the situation, especially with respect to forces affecting agriculture, natural environments in urban fringe areas, the form and dynamics of urban expansion and farmers’ behaviour in urban fringe zones (Fig. 1B-D). At the beginning of the 1980s, this new conceptualization characterized urban fringe agriculture as a mosaic of landscapes and agricultural structures. Some zones could be considered as truly experiencing destructuring processes, partly related to urban expansion and other forces. Other areas could be viewed as zones of agricultural adaptation and innovation, and others as following normal agricultural change and modernization patterns. The dominance of this conceptualization has been increasing through the 1990s because of a rapidly emerging political economy approach, focusing on local situations. By this approach, analysis of transformation in urban fringes emphasizes the role of local players, including farmers. The latter operate through local and nonlocal networks and are influenced by local cultures and by the overall context within which they function (Fig. 2). This reveals how difficult it is to protect agriculture simply through land use planning documents and regulations. It also indicates that, for any approach, it is essential to recognize the heterogeneity of farm structures and their dynamics. In addition, it highlights the importance of management approaches whereby dialogues are developed between representatives of collective values of society, farmers and their families, as opposed to relying on formal regulatory approaches.
机译：本文介绍了与城市边缘农业的结构和动态相关的概念化变化，以及对农业土地利用规划的意义。回顾和评估了过去50年来在北美和西欧进行的研究。我们曾经对城市边缘农业的印象是刻板印象和相对简单的，但是现在变得更加复杂。随着关注于当地情况的政治经济学方法的出现，这一概念仍在发展。直到1970年代后期，北美的主要关注是城市扩张对农业的负面影响。这与环境意识的提高以及通过新古典方法对地理学和区域科学学科的兴趣有关，首先是针对城市快速扩张现象及其对农业的影响的改进形式的图恩分析（图1A）。 。由此产生的城市边缘农业的负面形象是1960年代和1970年代正在实施的各种农业土地保护计划的主要基础之一。他们的频繁失败反映了这种对城市边缘农业的解释的偏见和偏见。然而，其他研究开始强调问题的复杂性，并强调了情况的多样性，特别是在影响农业的力量，城市边缘地区的自然环境，城市扩展的形式和动力以及城市边缘地区农民的行为方面（图1B-D）。在1980年代初，这种新的概念化将城市边缘农业特征描述为景观和农业结构的拼接。一些区域可以被视为真正经历了破坏过程，部分与城市扩张和其他力量有关。其他地区可被视为农业适应和创新的区域，其他地区可被视为遵循正常农业变革和现代化模式的地区。由于迅速出现的以当地情况为重点的政治经济学方法，这种概念化的主导地位一直持续到1990年代。通过这种方法，对城市边缘地区转型的分析强调了包括农民在内的当地参与者的作用。后者通过本地和非本地网络运作，并​​受当地文化及其作用的整体环境的影响（图2）。这表明仅通过土地使用规划文件和法规来保护农业是多么困难。它还表明，对于任何方法，必须认识到农场结构及其动态的异质性。此外，它强调了管理方法的重要性，这种管理方法是在社会，农民及其家庭的集体价值观的代表之间发展对话，而不是依靠正式的监管方法。

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