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Sale, storage and use of legal, illegal and obsolete pesticides in Bolivia

机译：在玻利维亚销售，储存和使用合法，违法和过时的农药

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Unregulated selling practices, bad storage habits and the use of illegal pesticides in Bolivia are widespread, with increasing negative consequences on public health and the environment. The present study describes the selling, storage and use of legal, illegal and obsolete pesticides among pesticide retailers and farmers in Bolivia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 191 pesticide-using farmers and 40 pesticide retailers. Data were gathered in 2009 in La Paz County, Bolivia. A questionnaire was used to evaluate pesticide handling practices and observational data on pesticide stocks and storage was assessed through direct visits on site. Banned, outdated and highly toxic pesticides were found stored on most smallholder farms. A mean of 299?g of pesticides was found on each farm, of which 60% were obsolete. Knowledge on pesticide toxicity and safe handling practices were lacking among both retailers and farmers, and poisonings were frequently reported. Significant figures of obsolete pesticides were found outside of the officially recognized dumping sites. This underlines the necessity of including the small but numerous amounts of pesticides stored at farms, when calculating a country’s total amount of obsolete pesticides. Better regulations of imports, sale and storage and an improved use of safety measures when handling pesticides needs to be urgently addressed.
机译：玻利维亚普遍存在不受管制的销售行为，不良的储藏习惯和非法农药的使用，对公共卫生和环境的负面影响越来越大。本研究描述了玻利维亚农药零售商和农民之间合法，违法和过时农药的销售，储存和使用。对191个使用农药的农民和40个农药零售商进行了横断面研究。数据是2009年在玻利维亚拉巴斯县收集的。使用问卷调查表来评估农药的处理方法，并通过现场直接访问来评估有关农药库存和储存的观察数据。在大多数小农户农场中都发现了禁用，过时和剧毒的农药。每个农场平均发现299微克农药，其中60％已淘汰。零售商和农民之间都缺乏关于农药毒性和安全处理方法的知识，而且经常报告中毒事件。在官方认可的倾销场外发现了大量过时的农药。这强调了在计算一个国家的过时农药总量时，必须包括农场中少量但大量的农药。当务之急是要处理更好的进口，销售和储存规定，并在处理农药时更好地使用安全措施。

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