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首页> 外文期刊>Biology Open >Grazing limits natural biological controls of woody encroachment in Inner Mongolia Steppe
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Grazing limits natural biological controls of woody encroachment in Inner Mongolia Steppe

机译：放牧限制了内蒙古草原对木本植物入侵的自然生物控制

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Woody encroachment in grasslands has become increasingly problematic globally. Grazing by domestic animals can facilitate woody encroachment by reducing competition from herbaceous plants and fire frequency. Herbivorous insects and parasitic plants can each exert forces that result in the natural biological control of encroaching woody plants through reducing seeding of their host woody plants. However, the interplay of grazing and dynamics of herbivorous insects or parasitic plants, and its effects on the potential biological control of woody encroachment in grasslands remains unclear. We investigated the flower and pod damage by herbivorous insects, and the infection rates of a parasitic plant on the shrub?Caragana microphylla, which is currently encroaching in Inner Mongolia Steppe, under different grazing management treatments (33-year non-grazed, 7-year non-grazed, currently grazed). Our results showed that?Caragana?biomass was highest at the currently grazed site, and lowest at the 33-year non-grazed site. Herbaceous plant biomass followed the opposite pattern, suggesting that grazing is indeed facilitating the encroachment of?Caragana?plants in Inner Mongolia Steppe. Grazing also reduced the abundance of herbivorous insects per?Caragana?flower, numbers of flowers and pods damaged by insect herbivores, and the infection rates of the parasitic plant on?Caragana?plants. Our results suggest that grazing may facilitate woody encroachment in grasslands not only through canonical mechanisms (e.g. competitive release via feeding on grasses, reductions in fires, etc.), but also by limiting natural biological controls of woody plants (herbivorous insects and parasitic plants). Thus, management efforts must focus on preventing overgrazing to better protect grassland ecosystems from woody encroachment.
机译：在全球范围内，草原上的木本植物侵占问题日益严重。家畜放牧可以通过减少与草类植物的竞争和引火频率来促进对木本植物的侵犯。食草昆虫和寄生植物均可施加作用力，从而通过减少其寄主木本植物的播种而导致对木本植物的自然生物控制。然而，尚不清楚草食性昆虫或寄生植物的放牧和动态相互作用，以及其对草地木本性侵占的潜在生物控制的影响。我们调查了草食性昆虫对花和荚果的伤害，以及目前在内蒙古草原上入侵的灌木小锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）在不同放牧管理措施下（33年未放牧，7年生，年份（不放牧，目前放牧）。我们的研究结果表明，柠条锦鸡儿的生物量在当前放牧的地方最高，而在33年非放牧的地方最低。草本植物的生物量遵循相反的模式，这表明放牧确实促进了内蒙古草原中锦鸡儿属植物的入侵。放牧还减少了每头锦鸡儿花的草食性昆虫的数量，减少了被食草动物破坏的花和荚果的数量，以及降低了锦鸡儿草上寄生植物的感染率。我们的结果表明，放牧不仅可以通过典型的机制（例如通过以草食为食的竞争性释放，减少火势等），而且可以通过限制木本植物（食草昆虫和寄生植物）的自然生物控制来促进草原上的木本植物入侵。 。因此，管理工作必须集中于防止过度放牧，以更好地保护草地生态系统免受木本植物的侵害。

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