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>Feasibility of using glyphosate to control beach evening primrose Oenothera drummondii in heavily invaded coastal dunes, Odiel Marshes, Spain
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Feasibility of using glyphosate to control beach evening primrose Oenothera drummondii in heavily invaded coastal dunes, Odiel Marshes, Spain
Beach evening primrose Oenothera drummondii is a perennial plant native to the southern USA and adjacent parts of Mexico that invades coastal habitats in several countries. There are currently no accepted control methods. We conducted a seven-month controlled field trial using the glyphosate herbicide Roundup? Ultra Plus in the Odiel Marsh Nature Reserve, Huelva Province, southern Spain. Different herbicide concentrations were tested by knapsack spraying. We estimated the costs of treating an entire invaded nature reserve in southern Spain where O. drummondii has invaded 123 ha of land. A dose of 20 g active ingredient/litre was the minimum effective dose for this species in coastal dunes. As new seedlings appeared after a single herbicide treatment, periodic treatments would be necessary to maintain the population level below an impact threshold. However, the total glyphosate input (710 kg active ingredient/year) to the Reserve for an indefinite period may give rise to social rejection, and demands for the assessment of ecotoxicological impact on native fauna, adjacent habitats and site uses before initiating control actions at full scale. The control costs of the entire 123 ha invaded area for two herbicide applications/year were estimated at €162,000/year (€1,317/ha/year). This includes materials (30% of total costs) and workers (70% of total costs). The study highlights the difficulties and constraints of controlling advanced stages of invasions.
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机译：海滩月见草月见草月见草是一种多年生植物，原产于美国南部和墨西哥的邻近地区，入侵了多个国家的沿海栖息地。当前没有公认的控制方法。我们使用草甘膦除草剂Roundup？进行了为期七个月的对照田间试验。西班牙南部韦尔瓦省Odiel沼泽自然保护区的Ultra Plus。通过背包喷雾测试不同的除草剂浓度。我们估计了治疗西班牙南部整个受侵害的自然保护区的成本，在该地区，O。drummondii侵占了123公顷土地。在沿海沙丘中，该物种最小有效剂量为20 g /升。由于在单次除草剂处理后出现了新的幼苗，因此必须进行定期处理以将种群水平保持在影响阈值以下。但是，无限期向保护区投入的草甘膦总量（710千克活性成分/年）可能会引起社会排斥，并要求在开始采取控制措施之前评估对生态毒性对本地动物，邻近生境和场所使用的影响。全尺寸。每年用于两种除草剂的整个123公顷入侵区域的控制成本估计为162,000欧元/年（1,317欧元/公顷/年）。其中包括材料（占总成本的30％）和工人（占总成本的70％）。这项研究突出了控制入侵高级阶段的困难和制约因素。
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