Nowadays, the turbocharger has become one of the key components for automotive spark-ignition engine improvements (fed with both liquid and gaseous fuels), as a support for the boosting and downsizing concept to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emission. In gasoline engines, the usage of the waste-gate valve typically regulates the maximum boost pressure in the turbocharger system, to protect the engine and the turbocharger at high engine speeds. To improve the transient response at low engine speeds, two-stage turbocharger is widely used. Two-stage systems are composed of several valves to regulate the flow to control the boosting of the system. Like a bypass valve between the turbines, a check valve is present between the compressor and a waste-gate valve for the low-pressure turbines. This article deals with a methodology for characterizing the discharge coefficient of an electronic waste-gate valve in the turbocharger. To estimate the gas flow over the same in one-dimensional models, an empirical m...
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