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首页> 外文期刊>Agricultural Journal >Quality Protein Maize Under Low-Nitrogen and Drought: Genotype by Environment Interaction for Grain and Protein Qualities
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Quality Protein Maize Under Low-Nitrogen and Drought: Genotype by Environment Interaction for Grain and Protein Qualities

机译：低氮和干旱条件下的优质蛋白玉米：环境相互作用对籽粒和蛋白质品质的基因型

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is used, as food and feed, although it is deficient in 2 essential amino acids, namely; lysine and tryptophan. Quality Protein Maize (QPM) developed by combining 2 genetic systems: Mutant opaque-2 (o2) gene and o2-endosperm modifiers has about twice the amount of lysine and tryptophan of normal maize. It can be used to correct the deficiency of maize in protein quality. QPM cropping is expanding in the regions experiencing malnutrition where maize is frequently produced under low-nitrogen and drought environments. The interactions of these stresses with QPM genotypes are not well understood. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine how low-N and drought interact with QPM genotypes in terms of grain and protein qualities. About 36 QPM genotypes were evaluated at Kiboko in Kenya in 2005 and 2006 under optimum environments, low-nitrogen and drought and at Rubona in Rwanda in 2005 under optimum and low-N environments. The AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) models for endosperm modification, protein and tryptophan concentrations in grain were used to analyze data. Results showed that low-N, particularly drought interacted with QPM genotypes by reducing endosperm modification and making QPM partially or totally soft and opaque. Low-N interacted with QPM by reducing the amount of protein and tryptophan in grain while drought interacted with them by increasing the amount of protein and tryptophan in grain. Despite strong interactive forces of environments, the QPM genotypes G02 ([CML202/CML144] F2-1-1-3-B*4/[CML205/CML176]-B-2-1-B*3), G20 ([CML202/CML144 F2-66-2-3-B*4/ [CML389/CML176] B-29-2- B*3) and G22 ([CML202/CML144] F2-66-2-3-B*4/[CML389/GQL5] B-22-1-B*3) were stable in all traits across environments. The genotypes G02 and 20 had the same male parent whereas G20 and 22 had the same female parent. Hence, it is possible to identify QPM lines that can provide stable QPM varieties for EM, PCG and TCG under drought and low N environments. The interaction of drought with QPM genotypes for endosperm modification may have negative impact on adoption of QPM varieties in stress prone areas where QPM is destined for human consumption. The grain harvested in fields that have experienced drought would be of bad kernel quality so that it is inappropriate to human consumption. Therefore, no farmer would like to grow such maize variety. However, the existence of stable genotypes that exhibit low interaction effects shows that it is possible to develop QPM genotypes that may be easily acceptable in those drought prone areas.
机译：玉米（Zea mays L.）被用作食品和饲料，尽管它缺乏2种必需氨基酸，即：赖氨酸和色氨酸。通过结合两个遗传系统开发的优质蛋白质玉米（QPM）：突变体opaque-2（o2）基因和o2-胚乳修饰剂的赖氨酸和色氨酸含量约为普通玉米的两倍。它可以用来纠正玉米蛋白质质量的不足。在营养不良的地区，QPM作物的种植正在扩大，在这些地区，玉米经常在低氮和干旱的环境下生产。这些压力与QPM基因型之间的相互作用尚不清楚。因此，本研究旨在确定低氮和干旱如何与QPM基因型在谷物和蛋白质质量方面相互作用。在最佳环境，低氮和干旱条件下，2005年和2006年在肯尼亚的Kiboko评估了约36种QPM基因型，2005年在最佳和低氮环境下，在卢旺达的Rubona评估了约36种QPM基因型。用于胚乳修饰，谷物中蛋白质和色氨酸浓度的AMMI（附加主效应和乘性相互作用）模型用于分析数据。结果表明，低氮（特别是干旱）通过减少胚乳修饰并使QPM部分或完全柔软和不透明而与QPM基因型相互作用。低氮通过减少谷物中蛋白质和色氨酸的量与QPM相互作用，而干旱通过增加谷物中蛋白质和色氨酸的量与它们相互作用。尽管有强大的环境交互作用力，QPM基因型仍为G02（[CML202 / CML144] F2-1-1-3-B * 4 / [CML205 / CML176] -B-2-1-B * 3），G20（[CML202 / CML144 F2-66-2-3-B * 4 / [CML389 / CML176] B-29-2- B * 3）和G22（[CML202 / CML144] F2-66-2-3-B * 4 / [ [CML389 / GQL5] B-22-1-B * 3）在整个环境中的所有性状均稳定。基因型G02和20具有相同的男性亲本，而G20和22具有相同的女性亲本。因此，有可能确定在干旱和低氮环境下可以为EM，PCG和TCG提供稳定QPM品种的QPM品系。干旱与QPM基因型相互作用以进行胚乳修饰可能会对QPM供人类食用的易受压力地区的QPM品种采用产生负面影响。在经历干旱的田间收获的谷物籽粒品质差，因此不适合人类食用。因此，没有农民愿意种植这种玉米品种。然而，表现出低相互作用效应的稳定基因型的存在表明，有可能开发在那些干旱多发地区容易接受的QPM基因型。

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