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Pathogenesis of uterine diseases in dairy cattle and implications for fertility

机译：奶牛子宫疾病的发病机制及其对生育的影响

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Uterine diseases in cattle occur at all stages of the reproduction cycle but the majority of cases is found in the postpartum period. The inflammation of the uterus is generally defined as metritis or endometritis, with several graduations, e.g. puerperal metritis, clinical metritis, clinical or subclinical endometritis. Whether uterine diseases have a negligible, moderate or detrimental effect on fertility is still under discussion and depends on definitions and classification. In the past, it was assumed that the pregnant uterus is free of pathogens, but recent studies found several species including pathogens in the uterus and endometrium of pregnant cows. After parturition, a broad diversity of bacteria with 200 different species has been found in the early postpartum period. Not all of these bacteria, however, are considered as pathogens. Furthermore, bacteriological findings provide only evidence for infection but not for inflammation. For some bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes pathogenic mechanism resulting in metritis and endometritis have been elucidated in detail. The role of bacteria that can be regarded as opportunistic or potential pathogens, e.g. Bacillus pumilus, is still under investigation. The understanding of the uterine microbiota and its interactions is increasing with the use of modern high-resolution techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Endometrial cytology provides additional information about alterations in the endometrium. Knowledge of innate uterine defense mechanism in cattle has increased a lot in the recent past. It can be speculated that improving or modulating uterine defense mechanism will be part of future prevention and treatment approaches beyond the use of antimicrobials. In this context, cellular and molecular defense mechanisms have been in the focus of interest, e.g. the role of interleukins or mucins. This review gives a short overview on some aspects of recent research on uterine diseases in cattle.
机译：牛的子宫疾病发生在生殖周期的所有阶段，但大多数情况发生在产后。子宫的炎症通常被定义为子宫炎或子宫内膜炎，具有几个等级，例如产褥期子宫炎，临床子宫炎，临床或亚临床子宫内膜炎。子宫疾病对生育率的影响是微不足道的，中度的还是有害的，仍在讨论中，并取决于定义和分类。在过去，假定怀孕的子宫没有病原体，但最近的研究发现，包括怀孕的母牛的子宫和子宫内膜中的病原体在内的几种物种。分娩后，在产后早期发现了种类繁多的细菌，其细菌种类超过200种。但是，并非所有这些细菌都被视为病原体。此外，细菌学发现仅提供感染的证据，而不提供炎症的证据。对于某些细菌，特别是导致大肠炎和子宫内膜炎的致病机理，特别是大肠杆菌和化脓性小球藻，已经详细阐明。可被视为机会性或潜在病原体的细菌的作用，例如短小芽孢杆菌，仍在调查中。随着现代高分辨率技术（例如傅立叶变换红外光谱法）的使用，人们对子宫微生物群及其相互作用的了解日益加深。子宫内膜细胞学提供有关子宫内膜改变的其他信息。近年来，关于牛的先天子宫防御机制的知识已大大增加。可以推测，改善或调节子宫防御机制将成为除使用抗菌剂之外的未来预防和治疗方法的一部分。在这种情况下，细胞和分子防御机制已经成为人们关注的焦点，例如。白介素或粘蛋白的作用。这篇综述简要概述了牛子宫疾病的最新研究。

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