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首页> 外文期刊>American Journal of Entomology >A Review on Major Risk Factors and Current Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North India
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A Review on Major Risk Factors and Current Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North India

机译：印度北部内脏利什曼病的主要危险因素和现状综述

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In India, more than 1,00,000 people are affected every year by Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). VL is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites which are transmitted by infected female sand flies, Phlebotomus argentipes. Ninety percent of total cases of the world are reported from India, Bangladesh and Sudan. Several districts of the state Bihar show the occurrence of VL. This is 40-50% of the world cases and 90% of the cases in India. Conversely, information on epidemiology of kala-azar in India remains scanty due to inadequate studies about the various risk factors associated with VL. The present review contributes to the study of the number of cases, deaths, prevalence and incidence caused by VL, spatial distribution, basic epidemiologic features, the vector biology, transmission of the parasite, hosts and most importantly the major risk factors viz. climatic, the physical and biotic factors, the socio-economic conditions, the environmental factors, deforestation due to urbanization, domestic animals and the living standard. For this study we chose five states in India; Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The study period was from 2010-2017. A decreasing trend was observed in the number of incidences, cases and deaths. But on the contrary, the Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis cases (PKDL) showed an increasing trend. The Gram Pradhans (Heads of Villages) and the villagers were also questioned regarding the associated risk factors viz. housing conditions-kaccha (mud) houses, poverty, use of bed nets, cleanliness, damp floors, cooking fuel, vegetation, the rearing of the domestic animals etc. The study suggests that the control measures have been effective in suppressing/eradicating VL but seeing the PKDL trend it also leaves a suspicion that apart from P. argentipus some other flies may also be playing the role as vectors in the transmission of VL. To decrease the transmission of Leishmania donovani and to achieve the goal of total eradication of VL from India in near future, a better understanding of the biology underlying transmission and disease with the major risk factors is the pressing need.
机译：在印度，每年内脏利什曼病（VL）感染超过1,00万人。 VL是由利什曼原虫多虫寄生虫引起的一种慢性致死性疾病，它由被感染的雌性沙蝇（Phlebotomus argentipes）传播。据报告，全世界病例总数的百分之九十来自印度，孟加拉国和苏丹。比哈尔邦的几个地区都显示了VL的发生。这是世界病例的40-50％，在印度是90％。相反，由于对与VL相关的各种危险因素的研究不足，印度关于黑热病流行病学的信息仍然很少。本综述有助于研究由VL引起的病例数，死亡，患病率和发病率，空间分布，基本流行病学特征，媒介生物学，寄生虫的传播，宿主以及最重要的主要危险因素。气候，物理和生物因素，社会经济条件，环境因素，由于城市化造成的森林砍伐，家畜和生活水平。在这项研究中，我们选择了印度的五个州;比哈尔邦，北阿坎德邦，北方邦，贾坎德邦和西孟加拉邦。研究期为2010年至2017年。发病率，病例数和死亡人数均呈下降趋势。但相反，卡拉·阿扎尔（Kala Azar）后皮肤利什曼病（PKDL）病例呈上升趋势。还向Gram Pradhans（村长）和村民询问了相关的危险因素，即。住房条件（kaccha（泥）住房，贫困，使用蚊帐，清洁度，湿地板，烹饪燃料，植被，饲养家畜等）。研究表明，控制措施已有效抑制/消除了VL看到PKDL趋势，也让人怀疑除了阿根廷假单胞菌以外，其他一些蝇也可能在VL的传播中起着媒介的作用。为了减少利什曼原虫的传播并在不久的将来实现从印度彻底根除VL的目标，迫切需要更好地了解具有主要危险因素的潜在生物学和传播生物学。

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