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Global upper-tropospheric formaldehyde: seasonal cycles observed by the ACE-FTS satellite instrument

机译：全球对流层上甲醛：ACE-FTS卫星仪器观测到的季节性周期

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Seasonally-resolved upper tropospheric profiles of formaldehyde (HCHO)observed by the ACE Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on anear-global scale are presented for the time period from March 2004 toNovember 2006. Large upper tropospheric HCHO mixing ratios (>150 pptv)are observed during the growing season of the terrestrial biosphere in theNorthern Hemisphere and during the biomass burning season in the Southern Hemisphere.The total errors estimated for the retrieved mixing ratios rangefrom 30 to 40% in the upper troposphere and increase in the lowerstratosphere. The sampled HCHO concentrations are in satisfactory agreementwith previous aircraft and satellite observations with a negative bias(<25%) within observation errors. An overview of the seasonal cycle ofthe upper tropospheric HCHO is given for different latitudes, with a particular focuson mid-to-high latitudes that are well sampled by the observations. A maximum isobserved during summer, i.e. during the growing season, in the northern mid-and high latitudes. The influence of biomass burning is visible in HCHOupper tropospheric concentrations during the September-to-October period inthe southern tropics and subtropics. Comparisons with two state-of-the-artmodels (GEOS-Chem and LMDz-INCA) show that the modelscapture well the seasonal variations observed in the Northern Hemisphere (correlation>0.9). Both models underestimate the summer maximum over Europe andRussia and differences in the emissions used for North America result in agood reproduction of the summer maximum by GEOS-Chem but in an underestimateby LMDz-INCA. Globally, GEOS-Chem reproduces well the observations onaverage over one year but has some difficulties in reproducing the spatialvariability of the observations. LMDz-INCA shows significant bias in theSouthern Hemisphere, perhaps related to an underestimation of methane, butbetter reproduces the temporal and spatial variations. The differencesbetween the models underline the large uncertainties that remain in theemissions of HCHO precursors.
机译：ACE傅里叶变换光谱仪（ACE-FTS）在全球范围内观察到的从季节上解析的甲醛对流层上层甲醛（HCHO）的变化范围为2004年3月至2006年11月。较大的对流层上层HCHO混合比（> 150 pptv在北半球陆地生物圈的生长季节和南半球生物量燃烧的季节都观察到），对流层上层的混合比例估计的总误差范围为30％至40％，平流层下层的比例上升。采样的HCHO浓度与先前的飞机和卫星观测结果令人满意，在观测误差范围内具有负偏差（<25％）。给出了不同纬度的对流层高层HCHO季节周期的概述，其中特别关注中高纬度的观测资料。在夏季，即在北半球中高纬度地区的生长季节，观测到最大值。在南热带和亚热带的9月到10月期间，对流层中HCHO的浓度可见生物量燃烧的影响。与两个最新模型（GEOS-Chem和LMDz-INCA）的比较表明，该模型很好地捕获了北半球观测到的季节性变化（相关性> 0.9）。两种模型都低估了欧洲和俄罗斯的夏季最大值，而北美排放量的差异导致GEOS-Chem很好地再现了夏季最大值，但LMDz-INCA却低估了该最大值。在全球范围内，GEOS-Chem可以很好地再现一年平均的观测值，但是在再现观测值的空间变异性方面存在一些困难。 LMDz-INCA在南半球显示出明显的偏差，这可能与甲烷的低估有关，但更好地再现了时空变化。模型之间的差异突出了HCHO前体排放中仍然存在的巨大不确定性。

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