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60 years of UK visibility measurements: impact of meteorology and atmospheric pollutants on visibility

机译：英国60年能见度测量：气象学和大气污染物对能见度的影响

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Reduced visibility is an indicator of poor air quality. Moreover, degradation in visibility can be hazardous to human safety; for example, low visibility can lead to road, rail, sea and air accidents. In this paper, we explore the combined influence of atmospheric aerosol particle and gas characteristics, and meteorology, on long-term visibility. We use visibility data from eight meteorological stations, situated in the UK, which have been running since the 1950s. The site locations include urban, rural and marine environments.brbr Most stations show a long-term trend of increasing visibility, which is indicative of reductions in air pollution, especially in urban areas. Additionally, the visibility at all sites shows a very clear dependence on relative humidity, indicating the importance of aerosol hygroscopicity on the ability of aerosol particles to scatter radiation. The dependence of visibility on other meteorological parameters, such as wind speed and wind direction, is also investigated. Most stations show long-term increases in temperature which can be ascribed to climate change, land-use changes (e.g. urban heat island effects) or a combination of both; the observed effect is greatest in urban areas. The impact of this temperature change upon local relative humidity is discussed. brbr To explain the long-term visibility trends and their dependence on meteorological conditions, the measured data were fitted to a newly developed light-extinction model to generate predictions of historic aerosol and gas scattering and absorbing properties. In general, an excellent fit was achieved between measured and modelled visibility for all eight sites. The model incorporates parameterizations of aerosol hygroscopicity, particle concentration, particle scattering, and particle and gas absorption. This new model should be applicable and is easily transferrable to other data sets worldwide. Hence, historical visibility data can be used to assess trends in aerosol particle properties. This approach may help constrain global model simulations which attempt to generate aerosol fields for time periods when observational data are scarce or non-existent. Both the measured visibility and the modelled aerosol properties reported in this paper highlight the success of the UK's Clean Air Act, which was passed in 1956, in cleaning the atmosphere of visibility-reducing pollutants./p
机译：能见度降低表明空气质量差。此外，能见度的下降可能危害人类安全。例如，能见度低会导致道路，铁路，海上和空中事故。在本文中，我们探讨了大气气溶胶颗粒和气体特性以及气象学对长期能见度的综合影响。自1950年代以来，我们一直使用英国的8个气象站的能见度数据。站点位置包括城市，农村和海洋环境。 大多数站点都显示出长期可见度增加的趋势，这表明空气污染的减少，尤其是在城市地区。此外，在所有位置的可见性都显示出非常明显的相对湿度依赖性，这表明气溶胶吸湿性对气溶胶颗粒散射辐射的能力至关重要。还研究了能见度对其他气象参数（如风速和风向）的依赖性。大多数台站显示长期温度升高，这可能归因于气候变化，土地利用变化（例如城市热岛效应）或两者兼而有之;在城市地区观察到的效果最大。讨论了这种温度变化对局部相对湿度的影响。 为了解释长期可见度趋势及其对气象条件的依赖性，将测量数据拟合到新开发的消光模型中，以预测历史气溶胶和气体的散射和吸收特性。通常，在所有八个位置的可见性和实测可见性之间都达到了极好的拟合。该模型结合了气溶胶吸湿性，颗粒浓度，颗粒散射以及颗粒和气体吸收的参数化。这种新模型应该适用，并且可以轻松地转移到全球其他数据集。因此，历史可见性数据可用于评估气溶胶颗粒特性的趋势。这种方法可能有助于约束全局模型模拟，该模拟试图在观测数据稀缺或不存在的时间段内生成气溶胶场。本文报道的可测量的能见度和模型气溶胶特性都凸显了1956年通过的英国《清洁空气法》在清洁能见度降低的污染物的大气中的成功。

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