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Modelling of sea salt concentrations over Europe: key uncertainties and comparison with observations

机译：欧洲海盐浓度建模：主要不确定性并与观测值进行比较

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Sea salt aerosol can significantly affect the air quality. Sea salt cancause enhanced concentrations of particulate matter and change particlechemical composition, in particular in coastal areas, and therefore shouldbe accounted for in air quality modelling. We have used an EMEP Unifiedmodel to calculate sea salt concentrations and depositions over Europe,focusing on studying the effects of uncertainties in sea salt production andlifetime on calculation results. Model calculations of sea salt have beencompared with EMEP observations of sodium concentrations in air andprecipitation for a four year period, from 2004 to 2007, including size(fine/coarse) resolved EMEP intensive measurements in 2006 and 2007. In thepresented calculations, sodium air concentrations are between 8% and 46% overestimated, whereas concentrations in precipitation aresystematically underestimated by 65–70% for years 2004–2007. A series ofmodel tests have been performed to investigate the reasons for thisunderestimation, but further studies are needed. The model is found toreproduce the spatial distribution of Na+ in air and precipitation overEurope fairly well, and to capture most of sea salt episodes. The paperpresents the main findings from a series of tests in which we compareseveral different sea spray source functions and also look at the effects ofmeteorological input and the efficiency of removal processes on calculatedsea salt concentrations. Finally, sea salt calculations with the EMEP modelhave been compared with results from the SILAM model and observations for2007. While the models produce quite close results for Na+ at themajority of 26 measurement sites, discrepancies in terms of bias andtemporal correlation are also found. Those differences are believed to occurdue to differences in the representation of source function and sizedistribution of sea salt aerosol, different meteorology used for model runsand the different models' resolution. This study contributes to getting abetter insight on uncertainties associated with sea salt calculations andthus facilitates further improvement of aerosol modelling on both regionaland global scales.
机译：海盐气溶胶会严重影响空气质量。海盐会增加颗粒物的浓度并改变颗粒化学成分，尤其是在沿海地区，因此应在空气质量建模中加以考虑。我们使用EMEP统一模型来计算欧洲的海盐浓度和沉积，重点是研究海盐生产和寿命不确定性对计算结果的影响。从2004年至2007年的四年中，将EMEP观测到的空气盐和空气中的钠浓度与EMEP观测值进行了比较，其中包括2006年和2007年通过大小（细/粗）分辨的EMEP密集测量。在目前的计算中，钠空气浓度2004-2007年间，高估了8％至46％，而系统地低估了降水中的浓度65-70％。已经进行了一系列的模型测试以调查这种低估的原因，但是还需要进一步的研究。发现该模型可以很好地再现欧洲空气和降水中Na + 的空间分布，并能捕获大部分海盐事件。本文介绍了一系列测试的主要发现，在这些测试中，我们比较了几种不同的海浪源功能，还研究了气象输入和去除过程对计算出的海盐浓度的影响。最后，将EMEP模型的海盐计算结果与SILAM模型的结果和2007年的观测结果进行了比较。尽管该模型在大多数26个测量位置产生了非常接近的Na + 结果，但在偏倚和时间相关性方面也发现了差异。人们认为这些差异是由于海盐气溶胶的源函数表示和尺寸分布差异，用于模型运行的不同气象学以及不同模型的分辨率而引起的。这项研究有助于更好地了解与海盐计算有关的不确定性，从而有助于进一步改进区域和全球尺度的气溶胶模型。

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