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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions >Simulations of column-averaged COsub2/sub and CHsub4/sub using the NIES TM with a hybrid sigma-isentropic (??-??) vertical coordinate
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Simulations of column-averaged COsub2/sub and CHsub4/sub using the NIES TM with a hybrid sigma-isentropic (??-??) vertical coordinate

机译：使用具有混合σ等熵（Δε-Δε）垂直坐标的NIES TM模拟列平均CO 2 和CH 4

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pstrongAbstract./strong We have developed an improved version of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) three-dimensional chemical transport model (TM) designed for accurate tracer transport simulations in the stratosphere, using a hybrid sigma-isentropic (??-??) vertical coordinate that employs both terrain-following and isentropic parts switched smoothly around the tropopause. The air-ascending rate was derived from the effective heating rate and was used to simulate vertical motion in the isentropic part of the grid (above level 350 K), which was adjusted to fit to the observed age of the air in the stratosphere. Multi-annual simulations were conducted using the NIES TM to evaluate vertical profiles and dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of COsub2/sub and CHsub4/sub. Comparisons with balloon-borne observations over Sanriku (Japan) in 2000a??2007 revealed that the tracer transport simulations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are performed with accuracies of ~5% for CHsub4/sub and SFsub6/sub, and ~1% for COsub2/sub compared with the observed volume-mixing ratios. The simulated column-averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (XCOsub2/sub) and methane (XCHsub4/sub) were evaluated against daily ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) observations measured at twelve sites of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) (Bialystok, Bremen, Darwin, Garmisch, Iza?±a, Lamont, Lauder, Orleans, Park Falls, Sodankyl?¤, Tsukuba, and Wollongong) between January 2009 and January 2011. The comparison shows the model's ability to reproduce the site-dependent seasonal cycles as observed by TCCON, with correlation coefficients typically on the order 0.8a??0.9 and 0.4a??0.8 for XCOsub2/sub and XCHsub4/sub, respectively, and mean model biases of ?±0.2% and ?±0.5%, excluding Sodankyl?¤, where strong biases are found. The ability of the model to capture the tracer total column mole fractions is strongly dependent on the model's ability to reproduce seasonal variations in tracer concentrations in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). We found a marked difference in the model's ability to reproduce near-surface concentrations at sites located some distance from multiple emission sources and where high emissions play a notable role in the tracer's budget. Comparisons with aircraft observations over Surgut (West Siberia), in an area with high emissions of methane from wetlands, show contrasting model performance in the PBL and in the free troposphere. Thus, the PBL is another critical region for simulating the tracer total column mole fractions./p.
机译：> >摘要。我们开发了改进的美国国家环境研究所（NIES）三维化学物质运输模型（TM），该模型旨在使用混合动力技术在平流层中进行精确的示踪剂运输模拟sigma-isentropic（Δε-Δε）垂直坐标，它同时使用了地形跟踪部分和等熵部分，并在对流层顶周围平稳切换。空气上升速率是从有效加热速率中得出的，用于模拟网格的等熵部分（高于350 K）的垂直运动，并对其进行调整以适合平流层中观测到的空气年龄。使用NIES TM进行了多年模拟，以评估CO 2 和CH 4 的垂直剖面和干空气柱平均摩尔分数。与日本三陆市2000年至2007年对气球观测的比较表明，对流层上层和平流层下层的示踪剂传输模拟在CH 4 和SF < sub> 6 和CO 2 的〜1％（与观察到的体积混合比相比）。利用日常的地面高分辨率傅里叶变换光谱仪评估了大气二氧化碳（XCO 2 ）和甲烷（XCH 4 ）的模拟列平均干燥空气摩尔分数（FTS）观测值在总碳柱观测网络（TCCON）的十二个站点（比亚韦斯托克，不来梅，达尔文，加米施，伊萨？±a，拉蒙特，劳德，奥尔良，帕克福尔斯，苏当基尔？¤，筑波和伍伦贡）进行了测量在2009年1月至2011年1月之间。比较结果表明，该模型具有再现TCCON观测到的站点相关季节周期的能力，对于XCO 2，相关系数通常在0.8a ?? 0.9和0.4a ?? 0.8的数量级上。 和XCH 4 ，平均模型偏差为±±0.2％和±±0.5％（不包括Sodankyl？¤），在该处有很强的偏差。模型捕获示踪剂总柱摩尔分数的能力在很大程度上取决于模型再现行星边界层（PBL）中示踪剂浓度的季节性变化的能力。我们发现，该模型在距多个排放源一定距离的站点上重现近地表浓度的能力存在显着差异，在这些站点中，高排放量在示踪剂的预算中起着显著作用。与在湿地甲烷排放量高的苏尔古特（西西伯利亚）上的飞机观测结果进行的比较显示，在PBL和自由对流层中，模型的性能截然不同。因此，PBL是模拟示踪剂总柱摩尔分数的另一个关键区域。

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