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Cloud-system resolving model simulations of aerosol indirect effects on tropical deep convection and its thermodynamic environment

机译：气溶胶间接影响热带深对流及其热力学环境的云系统解析模型模拟

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This paper presents results from 240-member ensemblesimulations of aerosol indirect effects on tropical deep convection and itsthermodynamic environment. Simulations using a two-dimensional cloud-systemresolving model are run with pristine, polluted, or highly polluted aerosolconditions and large-scale forcing from a 6-day period of active monsoonconditions during the 2006 Tropical Warm Pool – International CloudExperiment (TWP-ICE). Domain-mean surface precipitation is insensitive toaerosols primarily because the large-scale forcing is prescribed anddominates the water and static energy budgets. The spread of thetop-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes amongdifferent ensemble members for the same aerosol loading is surprisinglylarge, exceeding 25 W m?2 even when averaged over the 6-day period.This variability is caused by random fluctuations in the strength and timingof individual deep convective events. The ensemble approach demonstrates asmall weakening of convection averaged over the 6-day period in the pollutedsimulations compared to pristine. Despite this weakening, the cloud topheights and anvil ice mixing ratios are higher in polluted conditions. Thisoccurs because of the larger concentrations of cloud droplets that freeze,leading directly to higher ice particle concentrations, smaller ice particlesizes, and smaller fall velocities compared to simulations with pristineaerosols. Weaker convection in polluted conditions is a direct result of thechanges in anvil ice characteristics and subsequent upper-troposphericradiative heating and weaker tropospheric destabilization. Such a conclusionoffers a different interpretation of recent satellite observations oftropical deep convection in pristine and polluted environments compared tothe hypothesis of aerosol-induced convective invigoration. Sensitivity testsusing the ensemble approach with modified microphysical parameters or domainconfiguration (horizontal gridlength, domain size) produce results that aresimilar to baseline, although there are quantitative differences inestimates of aerosol impacts on TOA radiative fluxes.
机译：本文提出了对热带深对流及其热力学环境的气溶胶间接影响的240个成员合奏模拟结果。在2006年热带暖池-国际云实验（TWP-ICE）期间，使用原始，污染或高度污染的气溶胶条件和大规模强迫，从6天活跃的季风条件开始，使用二维云系统解析模型进行了模拟。区域平均表面降水对气溶胶不敏感，主要是因为规定了大规模强迫作用，并且支配了水和静态能量的预算。在相同的气溶胶负荷下，不同集合体中大气顶短波（TOA）短波和长波辐射通量的分布惊人地大，甚至超过6天的平均时间也超过25 W m ？2 。这种变化是由各个深对流事件的强度和时间的随机波动引起的。集合方法表明，与原始相比，在受污染的模拟中，对流在6天期间的平均对流强度略有减弱。尽管有这种减弱，但在受污染的条件下，云层的高度和砧冰的混合比仍然较高。发生这种情况的原因是，与原始气溶胶模拟相比，冻结的云滴浓度更高，直接导致了更高的冰粒浓度，更小的冰粒尺寸和更小的降落速度。污染条件下的对流较弱是铁砧冰特征的变化以及随后对流层上层辐射加热和对流层不稳定现象较弱的直接结果。与气溶胶引起的对流振奋的假设相比，这一结论对原始卫星和污染环境中的热带深对流的最新卫星观测提供了不同的解释。使用具有改进的微物理参数或域配置（水平网格长度，域大小）的整体方法进行的敏感性测试产生的结果与基线相似，尽管气溶胶对TOA辐射通量的影响存在定量差异。

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