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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric chemistry and physics >Long-term trends of black carbon and sulphate aerosol in the Arctic: changes in atmospheric transport and source region emissions
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Long-term trends of black carbon and sulphate aerosol in the Arctic: changes in atmospheric transport and source region emissions

机译：北极黑碳和硫酸盐气溶胶的长期趋势：大气传输和源区排放的变化

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As a part of the IPY project POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, RemoteSensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosolsand Transport) and building on previous work (Hirdman et al., 2010), thispaper studies the long-term trends of both atmospheric transport as well asequivalent black carbon (EBC) and sulphate for the three Arctic stationsAlert, Barrow and Zeppelin. We find a general downward trend in the measuredEBC concentrations at all three stations, with a decrease of ?2.1±0.4 ng m?3 yr?1 (for the years 1989–2008) and ?1.4±0.8 ng m?3 yr?1(2002–2009) at Alert and Zeppelin respectively. Thedecrease at Barrow is, however, not statistically significant. The measuredsulphate concentrations show a decreasing trend at Alert and Zeppelin of?15±3 ng m?3 yr?1 (1985–2006) and ?1.3±1.2 ng m?3 yr?1(1990–2008) respectively, while there is no trend detectable atBarrow.To reveal the contribution of different source regions on these trends, weused a cluster analysis of the output of the Lagrangian particle dispersionmodel FLEXPART run backward in time from the measurement stations. We haveinvestigated to what extent variations in the atmospheric circulation,expressed as variations in the frequencies of the transport from four sourceregions with different emission rates, can explain the long-term trends inEBC and sulphate measured at these stations. We find that the long-termtrend in the atmospheric circulation can only explain a minor fraction ofthe overall downward trend seen in the measurements of EBC (0.3–7.2%) andsulphate (0.3–5.3%) at the Arctic stations. The changes in emissions aredominant in explaining the trends. We find that the highest EBC and sulphateconcentrations are associated with transport from Northern Eurasia anddecreasing emissions in this region drive the downward trends. NorthernEurasia (cluster: NE, WNE and ENE) is the dominant emission source at allArctic stations for both EBC and sulphate during most seasons. Inwintertime, there are indications that the EBC emissions from the easternparts of Northern Eurasia (ENE cluster) have increased over the last decade.
机译：作为IPY项目POLARCAT（使用飞机，遥感，表面测量和模型进行的气候，化学，气溶胶和运输的极性研究）的一部分，并在先前的工作（Hirdman等，2010）的基础上，本文研究了长期趋势三个北极站Alert，Barrow和Zeppelin的大气传输以及同等的黑碳（EBC）和硫酸盐。我们发现，在所有三个站点中，测得的EBC浓度总体呈下降趋势，下降了？2.1±0.4 ng m ？3 yr ？1 （对于1989- Alert和Zeppelin分别是2008年）和？1.4±0.8 ng m ？3 yr ？1 （2002–2009年）。但是，巴罗（Barrow）的减少在统计上并不显着。 1985年至2006年，Alert和Zeppelin处测得的硫酸盐浓度呈下降趋势，分别为？15±3 ng m ？3 yr ？1 和？1.3±1.2 ng m < sup>？3 yr ？1 （1990–2008年），而在巴罗没有可检测到的趋势。 揭示不同源区域对这些趋势的贡献，我们使用拉格朗日粒子分散模型FLEXPART从测量站向后运行的输出进行了聚类分析。我们已经研究了大气循环的变化程度，以来自四个排放率不同的四个源区的运输频率变化来表示，可以解释这些站点测得的EBC和硫酸盐的长期趋势。我们发现，大气环流的长期趋势只能解释北极站EBC（0.3–7.2％）和硫酸盐（0.3–5.3％）测量值中总体下降趋势的一小部分。排放量的变化主要是解释趋势。我们发现，最高的EBC和硫酸盐浓度与来自北欧亚大陆的运输有关，并且该地区排放量的减少驱动了下降趋势。在大多数季节，北欧亚大陆（群集：NE，WNE和ENE）是所有北极站EBC和硫酸盐的主要排放源。在冬季，有迹象表明，在过去的十年中，北欧亚大陆东部（ENE群）的EBC排放有所增加。

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