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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric chemistry and physics >Variability of carbonaceous aerosols in remote, rural, urban and industrial environments in Spain: implications for air quality policy
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Variability of carbonaceous aerosols in remote, rural, urban and industrial environments in Spain: implications for air quality policy

机译：西班牙偏远，农村，城市和工业环境中碳质气溶胶的变化：对空气质量政策的影响

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We interpret here the variability of levels of carbonaceous aerosols based ona 12 yr database from 78 monitoring stations across Spain specially compiledfor this article. Data did not evidence any spatial trends of carbonaceousaerosols across the country. Conversely, results show marked differences inaverage concentrations from the cleanest, most remote sites (around1 μg m?3 of non-mineral carbon (nmC), mostly made of organiccarbon (OC) with very little elemental carbon (EC),around 0.1 μg m?3; OC / EC = 12–15), to the highly polluted majorcities (8–10 μg m?3 of nmC; 3–4 μg m?3 ofEC; 4–5 μg m?3 of OC; OC / EC = 1–2). Thus, urban (and veryspecific industrial) pollution was found to markedly increase levels ofcarbonaceous aerosols in Spain, with much lower impact of biomass burning and of biogenic emissions.Correlations between yearly averaged OC / EC and EC concentrations adjust verywell to a potential equation (OC = 3.37 EC0.326, R2 = 0.8). Asimilar equation is obtained when including average concentrations obtainedat other European sites (OC = 3.60EC0.491, R2 = 0.7).A clear seasonal variability in OC and EC concentrations was detected. BothOC and EC concentrations were higher during winter at the traffic and urbansites, but OC increased during the warmer months at the rural sites. Hourlyequivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at urban sites accurately depictroad traffic contributions, varying with distance from road, traffic volume anddensity, mixing-layer height and wind speed. Weekday urban rush-hour EBCpeaks are mimicked by concentrations of primary gaseous emissions from roadtraffic, whereas a single midday peak is characteristic of remote and ruralsites. Decreasing annual trends for carbonaceous aerosols were observedbetween 1999 and 2011 at a large number of stations, probably reflecting theimpact of the EURO4 and EURO5 standards in reducing the diesel PM emissions.This has resulted in some cases in an increasing trend forNO2 / (OC + EC) ratios as these standards have been much less effectivefor the abatement of NOx exhaust emissions in passenger dieselcars. This study concludes that EC, EBC, and especially nmC and OC + ECare very good candidates for new air quality standards since they cover bothemission impact and health-related issues.
机译：我们根据西班牙全国78个监测站的12年数据库为本文专门编撰了碳质气溶胶水平的变异性。数据没有证明全国各地碳质气溶胶的任何空间趋势。相反，结果显示，与最干净，最偏远的地点（大约1μgm ？3 的非矿物质碳（nmC），主要由有机碳（OC）和元素碳很少（ EC），大约0.1μgm ？3 ; OC / EC = 12–15），到污染严重的多数城市（8–10μgm ？3 nmC; 3 EC的–4μgm ？3 ; OC的4–5μgm ？3 ; OC / EC = 1-2）。因此，西班牙发现城市（和非常特殊的工业）污染显着增加了碳质气溶胶的水平，对生物质燃烧和生物成因排放的影响要小得多。年均OC / EC和EC浓度之间的相关性很好地调整了一个潜在方程（OC = 3.37 EC 0.326 ， R 2 = 0.8）。如果包括在其他欧洲站点获得的平均浓度（OC = 3.60EC 0.491 ， R 2 = 0.7），则得出相似的方程。 < br>检测到OC和EC浓度存在明显的季节性变化。在冬季，交通和城市站点的OC和EC浓度均较高，而在农村站点的温暖月份，OC浓度增加。市区每小时的当量黑碳（EBC）浓度准确地描述了道路交通贡献，其与道路的距离，交通量和密度，混合层高度和风速都不同。平日城市高峰时间的EBC高峰被公路交通产生的主要气体排放的浓度所模仿，而偏远和乡村地区的特征是一个正午的高峰。在1999年至2011年期间，大量站点的碳质气溶胶的年度趋势呈下降趋势，这可能反映了EURO4和EURO5标准对降低柴油机PM排放量的影响。这在某些情况下导致NO 2 < / sub> /（OC + EC）比率，因为这些标准对于减少乘用柴油车的NO x 尾气排放的效果要差得多。这项研究得出的结论是，EC，EBC，尤其是nmC和OC + EC非常适合作为新的空气质量标准的候选者，因为它们涵盖了排放影响和健康相关问题。

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