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Artificial Cavities and Nest Site Selection by Puerto Rican Parrots: a Multiscale Assessment

机译：波多黎各鹦鹉的人工洞和巢址选择：多尺度评估

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We examined nest site selection by Puerto Rican Parrots, a secondary cavity nester, at several spatial scales using the nest entrance as the central focal point relative to 20 habitat and spatial variables. The Puerto Rican Parrot is unique in that, since 2001, all known nesting in the wild has occurred in artificial cavities, which also provided us with an opportunity to evaluate nest site selection without confounding effects of the actual nest cavity characteristics. Because of the data limitations imposed by the small population size of this critically endangered endemic species, we employed a distribution-free statistical simulation approach to assess site selection relative to characteristics of used and unused nesting sites. Nest sites selected by Puerto Rican Parrots were characterized by greater horizontal and vertical visibility from the nest entrance, greater density of mature sierra palms, and a more westerly and leeward orientation of nest entrances than unused sites. Our results suggest that nest site selection in this species is an adaptive response to predation pressure, to which the parrots respond by selecting nest sites offering advantages in predator detection and avoidance at all stages of the nesting cycle. We conclude that identifying and replicating the “nest gestalt” of successful nesting sites may facilitate conservation efforts for this and other endangered avian species.
机译：我们通过次要巢穴波多黎各人鹦鹉在多个空间尺度上研究了巢穴的选择，使用巢穴入口作为相对于20个栖息地和空间变量的中心焦点。波多黎各鹦鹉的独特之处在于，自2001年以来，所有已知的野外筑巢都发生在人工洞中，这也为我们提供了一个机会来评估筑巢地点的选择，而不会混淆实际巢穴特征的影响。由于该极度濒危特有物种的小种群规模所施加的数据限制，我们采用了无分布统计模拟方法来评估相对于已使用和未使用的筑巢地点的特征的地点选择。与未使用的地点相比，波多黎各鹦鹉所选择的筑巢点的特点是，从巢洞入口可以看到的水平和垂直方向都更大，成熟的棕榈山脉密度更高，巢洞入口的西风和下风方向也要好。我们的研究结果表明，该物种的巢位选择是对捕食压力的自适应响应，鹦鹉通过选择巢位来做出响应，从而在筑巢周期的所有阶段中提供食肉动物检测和避免的优势。我们得出的结论是，识别和复制成功筑巢地点的“巢形姿势”可能有助于保护这一和其他濒危鸟类。

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