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Occurrence and Potential Sources of Quinones Associated with PM 2.5 in Guadalajara, Mexico

机译：墨西哥瓜达拉哈拉与PM 2.5相关的醌类元素的发生及潜在来源

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This study aims to establish the influence of primary emission sources and atmospheric transformation process contributing to the concentrations of quinones associated to particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) in three sites within the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG), namely Centro (CEN), Tlaquepaque (TLA) and Las águilas (AGU). Environmental levels of quinones extracted from PM 2.5 filters were analyzed using Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, primary emissions in combination with photochemical and oxidation reactions contribute to the presence of quinones in the urban atmosphere of MAG. It was found that quinones in PM 2.5 result from the contributions from direct emission sources by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as diesel and gasoline that relate mainly to vehicular activity intensity in the three sampling sites selected. However, this also suggests that the occurrence of quinones in MAG can be related to photochemical transformation of the parent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), to chemical reactions with oxygenated species, or a combination of both routes. The higher concentration of 1,4-Chrysenequinone during the rainy season compared to the warm-dry season indicates chemical oxidation of chrysene, since the humidity could favor singlet oxygen collision with parent PAH present in the particle phase. On the contrary, 9,10-Anthraquinone/Anthracene and 1,4-Naftoquinone/Naphthalene ratios were higher during the warm-dry season compared to the rainy season, which might indicate a prevalence of the photochemical formation during the warm-dry season favored by the large solar radiation typical of the season. In addition, the estimated percentage of photochemical formation of 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone showed that the occurrence of this compound in Tlaquepaque (TLA) and Las águilas (AGU) sites is mainly propagated by conditions of high solar radiation such as in the warm-dry season and during long periods of advection of air masses from emission to the reception areas. This was shown by the direct association between the number hourly back trajectories arriving in the TLA and AGU from Centro and other areas in MAG and the highest photochemical formation percentage.
机译：这项研究旨在建立主要排放源和大气转化过程的影响，从而在瓜达拉哈拉（MAG）大都市区（MAG）的三个地点内与小于2.5μm（PM 2.5）的颗粒物相关的醌浓度作出贡献。 CEN），特拉克帕克（TLA）和拉斯阿奎拉斯（AGU）。使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析了从PM 2.5过滤器中提取的醌的环境水平。总体而言，主要排放物与光化学反应和氧化反应相结合，导致MAG在城市大气中的存在。结果发现，PM 2.5中的醌是由于直接排放源的贡献，这是由于化石燃料（例如柴油和汽油）的不完全燃烧而造成的，这些燃烧主要与所选三个采样点的车辆活动强度有关。然而，这也表明在MAG中醌的出现可能与母体多环芳烃（PAH）的光化学转化，与含氧物质的化学反应或两种途径的组合有关。与雨季相比，雨季中1,4-苯醌的浓度较高，表明了苯的化学氧化，因为湿度可能会促使单线态氧与颗粒相中存在的母体PAH发生碰撞。相反，与雨季相比，暖干季节的9,10-蒽醌/蒽和1,4-萘醌/萘的比率更高，这可能表明受青睐的暖干季节中光化学形成的普遍性受季节典型的大太阳辐射影响。此外，估计的9,10-菲醌的光化学形成百分比表明，该化合物在Tlaquepaque（TLA）和Laságuilas（AGU）地点的发生主要是由于太阳辐射高的条件（例如在温干地区）传播季节和在从排放物到接收区的长期平流期间。每小时从Centro和MAG其他地区到达TLA和AGU的后退轨迹数与最高的光化学形成百分比之间的直接联系表明了这一点。

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