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La producci???3n socio-institucional de sufrimiento social

机译：社会苦难的社会制度生产

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The migration of labourers to centres of mining, plantations and industrial production has been one of the most important demographic features of the African continent since its incorporation into the capitalist money economy. It is, however, surprisingly that the influence of this phenomenon on rural transformations remains largely unexplored as most of studies have mostly addressed the negative consequences of labour migration pointing at the destructive nature of labour migration to the local communities. While not denying the detrimental impacts of labour migration, the paper integrates written and oral information to establish that such exclusive attribution of rural underdevelopment to labour migration was indeed a traditional way of viewing labour migration. Such views were mainly a result of over emphasis on just macro-economic cost-benefit analysis that economists have always considered and emphasized upon. This article, therefore, is an effort to go beyond such economic arena by considering the acquisition of human capital particularly linking labour migration with western education and the spread of the Swahili language. Drawing from transformational approaches, this article argues that knowledge and skills that Njombe migrant labourers got from different work places, imbued them with elements which knowingly or unknowingly became part of the instruments for the wider rural transformation.
机译：自从非洲大陆纳入资本主义货币经济以来，其向采矿，人工林和工业生产中心的迁移一直是非洲大陆最重要的人口特征之一。然而，令人惊讶的是，这种现象对农村转型的影响在​​很大程度上尚未得到探索，因为大多数研究都主要针对劳动力迁移的负面影响，指出劳动力迁移对当地社区的破坏性。尽管没有否认劳务移民的不利影响，但本文综合了书面和口头信息，以建立这种将农村发展不足归因于劳务移民的独特方式的确是观察劳务移民的传统方式。这种观点主要是由于过分强调经济学家一直在考虑和强调的宏观经济成本收益分析。因此，本文是通过考虑获取人力资本，特别是将劳动力移民与西方教育以及斯瓦希里语的传播联系起来，来超越经济领域的努力。本文从转型方法的角度出发，认为恩乔姆族移民工人从不同工作地点获得的知识和技能，使他们充满了有意或无意成为更广泛的农村转型工具的一部分的要素。

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