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首页> 外文期刊>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health >Human Indoor Exposure to Airborne Halogenated Flame Retardants: Influence of Airborne Particle Size
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Human Indoor Exposure to Airborne Halogenated Flame Retardants: Influence of Airborne Particle Size

机译：人体室内暴露于机载卤代阻燃剂：机载粒径的影响

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Inhalation of halogenated flame-retardants (HFRs) released from consumer products is an important route of exposure. However, not all airborne HFRs are respirable, and thus interact with vascular membranes within the gas exchange (alveolar) region of the lung. HFRs associated with large (>4 μm), inhalable airborne particulates are trapped on the mucosal lining of the respiratory tract and then are expelled or swallowed. The latter may contribute to internal exposure via desorption from particles in the digestive tract. Exposures may also be underestimated if personal activities that re-suspend particles into the breathing zone are not taken into account. Here, samples were collected using personal air samplers, clipped to the participants’ shirt collars (n = 18). We observed that the larger, inhalable air particulates carried the bulk (>92%) of HFRs. HFRs detected included those removed from commerce (i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Penta-BDEs: BDE-47, -85, -100, -99, and -153)), their replacements; e.g., 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB or EH-TBB); bis(2-ethylhexyl) 3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH or BEH-TEBP) and long-produced chlorinated organophosphate-FRs (ClOPFRs): tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP or TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP or TDCIPP). Our findings suggest estimates relying on a single exposure route, i.e., alveolar gas exchange, may not accurately estimate HFR internal dosage, as they ignore contributions from larger inhalable particulates that enter the digestive tract. Consideration of the fate and bioavailability of these larger particulates resulted in higher dosage estimates for HFRs with log K oa < 12 (i.e., Penta-BDEs and ClOPFRs) and lower estimates for those with log K oa > 12 (i.e., TBB and TBPH) compared to the alveolar route exposure alone. Of those HFRs examined, the most significant effect was the lower estimate by 41% for TBPH. The bulk of TBPH uptake from inhaled particles was estimated to be through the digestive tract, with lower bioavailability. We compared inhalation exposure estimates to chronic oral reference doses (R f Ds) established by several regulatory agencies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) R f D levels for several HFRs are considered outdated; however, BDE-99 levels exceeded those suggested by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) by up to 26 times. These findings indicate that contributions and bioavailability of respirable and inhalable airborne particulates should both be considered in future risk assessments.
机译：吸入从消费品中释放出来的卤化阻燃剂（HFR）是重要的接触途径。但是，并非所有的机载HFR都是可呼吸的，因此与肺的气体交换（肺泡）区域内的血管膜相互作用。与可吸入的大颗粒（> 4μm）相关的HFR被捕获在呼吸道的粘膜内层，然后被排出或吞咽。后者可能通过消化道中颗粒的解吸而导致内部暴露。如果不考虑将颗粒物重新悬浮到呼吸区中的个人活动，暴露量也可能被低估。在这里，样品是使用个人空气采样器采集的，并夹在参与者的衬衫领子上（n = 18）。我们观察到较大的可吸入空气颗粒携带了大部分（> 92％）的HFR。检测到的HFR包括从商业中移除的HFR（即多溴联苯醚（五溴二苯醚：BDE-47，-85，-100，-99和-153）），以及它们的替代品;例如2,3,4,5-四溴苯甲酸2-乙基己酯（TBB或EH-TBB）;双（2-乙基己基）3,4,5,6-四溴邻苯二甲酸酯（TBPH或BEH-TEBP）和长期生产的氯化有机磷酸酯-FRs（ClOPFRs）：磷酸三（2-氯乙基）酯（TCEP），三（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TCPP或TCIPP）和三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCPP或TDCIPP）。我们的发现表明，依靠单一暴露途径（即肺泡气体交换）的估算值可能无法准确估算HFR内部剂量，因为它们忽略了进入消化道的较大的可吸入颗粒物的贡献。考虑到这些较大颗粒的命运和生物利用度，导致log K oa <12的HFR（即五溴二苯醚和ClOPFRs）的剂量估计较高，log K oa> 12的HFR（即TBB和TBPH）的剂量估计较低与单独的肺泡途径暴露相比。在检查的那些HFR中，最显着的影响是TBPH的估计值降低了41％。据估计，从吸入颗粒中吸收的大部分TBPH是通过消化道吸收的，生物利用度较低。我们将吸入暴露估算值与几个监管机构确定的慢性口服参考剂量（R f Ds）进行了比较。美国环境保护署（EPA）对几种HFR的R f D水平被认为已经过时;但是，BDE-99的水平比荷兰国家公共卫生与环境研究所（RIVM）建议的水平高出26倍。这些发现表明，在将来的风险评估中，应同时考虑可吸入和可吸入的空气传播颗粒物的贡献和生物利用度。

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