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首页> 外文期刊>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health >Evaluation of Lead Release in a Simulated Lead-Free Premise Plumbing System Using a Sequential Sampling Approach
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Evaluation of Lead Release in a Simulated Lead-Free Premise Plumbing System Using a Sequential Sampling Approach

机译：使用顺序采样方法评估模拟无铅前提卫生系统中的铅释放

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摘要

In this pilot study, a modified sampling protocol was evaluated for the detection of lead contamination and locating the source of lead release in a simulated premise plumbing system with one-, three- and seven-day stagnation for a total period of 475 days. Copper pipes, stainless steel taps and brass fittings were used to assemble the “lead-free” system. Sequential sampling using 100 mL was used to detect lead contamination while that using 50 mL was used to locate the lead source. Elevated lead levels, far exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 10 μg·L ?1 , persisted for as long as five months in the system. “Lead-free” brass fittings were identified as the source of lead contamination. Physical disturbances, such as renovation works, could cause short-term spikes in lead release. Orthophosphate was able to suppress total lead levels below 10 μg·L ?1 , but caused “blue water” problems. When orthophosphate addition was ceased, total lead levels began to spike within one week, implying that a continuous supply of orthophosphate was required to control total lead levels. Occasional total lead spikes were observed in one-day stagnation samples throughout the course of the experiments.
机译：在该初步研究中，评估了一种改进的采样方案，用于检测铅污染并在模拟停水系统中停滞一天，三天和七天，总共475天，找出铅释放的来源。铜管，不锈钢水龙头和黄铜配件用于组装“无铅”系统。使用100 mL的连续采样来检测铅污染，而使用50 mL的顺序采样来定位铅源。铅的含量在系统中持续长达五个月之久，远远超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）的准则值10μg·L？1。 “无铅”黄铜配件被确定为铅污染源。物理干扰（例如装修工程）可能会导致铅释放的短期峰值。正磷酸盐能够将总铅含量抑制在10μg·L？1以下，但引起“蓝水”问题。当停止添加正磷酸盐时，总铅水平在一周之内开始上升，这意味着需要连续供应正磷酸盐来控制总铅水平。在整个实验过程中，一日停滞样品中偶尔会出现总铅尖峰。

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