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首页> 外文期刊>International Journal of Population Data Science >The Shape of the Socioeconomic Gradient: Testing to Functional Form of the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Early Child Development
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The Shape of the Socioeconomic Gradient: Testing to Functional Form of the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Early Child Development

机译：社会经济梯度的形状：社会经济地位与幼儿发展之间关系的功能形式检验

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IntroductionThe literature provides abundant evidence of socioeconomic gradients in health outcomes. However, it is unclear, and particularly understudied in early child development research, whether these observed gradients are linear, whether they diminish as socioeconomic status (SES) increases, and if they ultimately reverse in slope at the highest SES values. Objectives and ApproachWe linked neighbourhood-level Census and Tax Filer data with Early Development Instrument (EDI) data across Canada. The EDI is a kindergarten teacher-completed measure of five domains of early child development. We used this linked database to statistically compare and choose the most appropriate functional form of the relationship between each of the EDI domains (dependent variables), and the Canadian Neighbourhoods and Early Child Development (CanNECD) study's SES index (predictor) in regression models. Model comparison approaches included: visual checks of lines fitted using Generalized Additive Models, Akaike and Bayesian Information Criterions, Ramsay’s RESET, J and Cox tests. ResultsThe results indicate the optimal functional form of the gradient varies across domains of the EDI. The best model for the Physical Health and Well-Being domain was quadratic, suggesting there may be some reversal in slope at higher values of SES. The best models for the Social Competence and Language and Cognitive Development domains were logarithmic, indicating diminishing returns to SES but with no slope reversal. The best model for the Emotional Maturity domain was linear, suggesting the gradient was consistent across all values of SES. The best fit for the Communication Skills and General Knowledge domain was a cubic ‘S’ curve, suggesting the curve is positive and concave for lower levels of SES but curves upwards beyond a certain SES threshold. Conclusion/ImplicationsThe results demonstrate the importance of examining functional forms when modeling socioeconomic gradients. Assuming linear relationships between SES and health outcomes (early child development, in this case) may distort and bias the true nature of the relationships, thus leading to misinterpretations, especially at the highest and lowest values of SES.
机译：引言文献提供了健康结果中社会经济梯度的大量证据。但是，尚不清楚，尤其是在早期儿童发展研究中并未研究这些观测到的梯度是否为线性，是否随着社会经济地位（SES）的增加而减小，以及最终是否以最高SES值在坡度上反转。目标和方法我们将整个加拿大的社区级人口普查和税务记录数据与早期发展工具（EDI）数据相关联。 EDI是幼稚园老师完成的对早期儿童发展的五个领域的评估。我们使用此链接数据库在回归模型中统计比较和选择每个EDI域（因变量）与加拿大邻里和幼儿发展（CanNECD）研究的SES指数（预测变量）之间关系的最合适函数形式。模型比较方法包括：使用通用加性模型，Akaike和贝叶斯信息准则，Ramsay的RESET，J和Cox检验对装配线进行视觉检查。结果结果表明，梯度的最佳功能形式在EDI的各个域之间有所不同。最佳的“身体健康与幸福”领域模型是二次方的，这表明较高的SES值在坡度上可能有一些逆转。对社交能力，语言和认知发展领域的最佳模型是对数的，表明对SES的收益递减，但没有坡度逆转。情绪成熟度域的最佳模型是线性的，这表明在所有SES值上，梯度都是一致的。最适合交流技能和常识领域的是“ S”形曲线，表明该曲线对于较低水平的SES是正向和凹入的，但是向上弯曲超过某个SES阈值。结论/暗示结果证明了在对社会经济梯度建模时检查功能形式的重要性。假设SES与健康结果（在这种情况下为儿童的早期发育）之间存在线性关系，可能会扭曲和偏离这种关系的真实性质，从而导致误解，尤其是在SES的最高值和最低值时。

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