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首页> 外文期刊>International journal of soil science >Soil Physical Response to Multi-Year Rice-wheat Production in India
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Soil Physical Response to Multi-Year Rice-wheat Production in India

机译：印度多年稻小麦生产的土壤物理响应

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High yields of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) achieved in India following the green revolution have tended to decline after 5 to 8 years of continuous production in the same field. We hypothesized that degradation of soil physical quality was responsible for the yield decline because nutrient, pesticide and irrigation management were relatively well optimized. A soil physical quality assessment model was thus developed using 4 years of data from tillage and crop residue experiments conducted on a silty clay loam (Aquic hapludoll) at the Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar, India. Tillage for rice increased Bulk Density (BD) and Puddling Index (PI) and decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), porosity (f) and Infiltration Rate (IR) over the 4 years. Changes in soil properties were significantly higher in the plots puddled by 4 Passes of Rotavator (PR) and in Conventional Puddling (CP) plots than in reduced puddling (ReP) and Direct Seeding Without Puddling (DSWP) plots. The crop residue management and wheat tillage treatments did not significantly influence soil physical properties in the 4 years time but the negative effect of puddling on soil properties was more in the Residue Removed (RR) plots than in the Residue Incorporated (RI) plots. Rice yield was highest in PR, which was at par with that in CP and ReP plots and wheat yield was highest in DSWP, which was at par with that in ReP, irrespective of tillage levels for wheat. Decrease in rice and wheat yields over the 4 years was not significant. Regression of grain yield on soil physical properties showed significant effects of BD and Ks on rice yield and that of IR and f on wheat yield. These relationships were used to develop a Soil Physical Quality Index (SPQI) model. Values of SPQI for treatments with grain yield s that were statistically equal to maximum yield ranged from 0.70 to 0.80 for rice soils and 0.75 to 1.0 for wheat soils. Overall, tillage and residue treatments did not significantly degrade soil physical quality during the first 4 years, but projections based on the SPQI suggest they could in 5 to 9 years depending on the practices used for soil puddling and residue management. In DSWP, SPQI for rice was significantly lower from the first year itself (which indicates need for tillage) but was in the optimum range for wheat even under zero tillage. The proposed SPQI model has been verified using the published data on rice-wheat system under different soil conditions across the country.
机译：在绿色革命之后，印度在同一领域连续生产5至8年后，水稻（Oryza sativa L.）和小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）的高产量趋于下降。我们假设土壤物理质量的下降是造成产量下降的原因，因为养分，农药和灌溉管理的优化程度相对较高。因此，利用在印度潘特纳加尔作物研究中心的粉质粘土壤土（Aquic hapludoll）上进行的耕作和农作物残渣试验的4年数据，开发了土壤物理质量评估模型。稻米耕作在4年中增加了堆密度（BD）和水浸指数（PI），并且降低了饱和导水率（Ks），孔隙率（f）和渗透率（IR）。在四轮旋耕机（PR）和常规水坑（CP）地块中，土壤特性的变化要比减少水坑（ReP）和不播种的直接播种（DSWP）地块高得多。在4年的时间里，作物残留管理和小麦耕作处理并未显着影响土壤物理特性，但在残茬去除（RR）样地中，水坑对土壤特性的负面影响要大于在残渣掺混法（RI）样地。不论小麦耕作水平如何，PR中的水稻产量最高，与CP和ReP地块的水平相同，而DSWP中的小麦产量最高，与ReP的水平相同。四年来水稻和小麦单产的下降并不明显。籽粒产量对土壤物理性质的回归表明，BD和Ks对水稻产量具有显着影响，IR和f对小麦产量具有显着影响。这些关系用于建立土壤物理质量指数（SPQI）模型。谷物产量在统计学上等于最大产量的处理中的SPQI值在水稻土壤中为0.70至0.80，在小麦土壤中为0.75至1.0。总体而言，耕作和残留物处理在最初的4年中并没有显着降低土壤物理质量，但是基于SPQI的预测表明，根据土壤搅动和残留物管理的实践，耕作和残留物处理可能在5至9年内完成。在DSWP中，稻米的SPQI比第一年本身显着降低（表明需要耕种），但即使在零耕种条件下，小麦的SPQI仍处于最佳范围。所提出的SPQI模型已使用已发布的全国不同土壤条件下的稻麦系统数据进行了验证。

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