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首页> 外文期刊>ISIJ international >Numerical Simulation with Thorough Experimental Validation to Predict the Build-up of Residual Stresses during Quenching of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
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Numerical Simulation with Thorough Experimental Validation to Predict the Build-up of Residual Stresses during Quenching of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

机译：数值模拟和全面的实验验证，可以预测碳钢和低合金钢淬火过程中残余应力的累积

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摘要

A mathematical model to calculate the build-up of residual stresses during quenching of carbon (AISI 1045) and low-alloy (AISI 4140 and 4340) cylindrical steel bars is proposed. The model is implemented as a combination of the commercial software AC3~(?), to simulate the microstructure evolution, and Abaqus~(?), to model the heat transfer and the elastic, plastic, thermal, and phase transformation strains/stresses by the finite element method. All steel properties required in the model are calculated as an average of the properties of individual microconstituents (austenite, pearlite, bainite, or martensite) weighted by their local volume fractions, enabling the model application to any type of carbon or low-alloy steel. To thoroughly verify the simulation results, experimental measurements were carried out in cylindrical bars quenched in stirred water and these measurements were compared with model results. The heat transfer coefficient between the bar and the water was calculated by an inverse solution technique, resulting in the constant value of 7200 W m~(–2) K~(–1) for the whole quenching period. For the low-alloy steels, measured and calculated volume fractions of martensite in the bar cross sections are in very good agreement, but for the carbon steel, large discrepancies are observed in the fractions of most constituents. Tangential and axial residual stresses were measured on the lateral surface of the quenched bars using the X-ray diffraction method. These stresses, which are compressive, agree well with those calculated by the present model, showing discrepancies generally lower than 10%.
机译：提出了一种数学模型来计算碳（AISI 1045）和低合金（AISI 4140和4340）圆柱钢的淬火过程中残余应力的累积。该模型是结合商业软件AC3〜（？）和Abaqus〜（？）的组合来实现的，其中AC3〜（？）用于模拟微观结构演变，而Abaqus〜（？）用于模拟热传递以及弹性，塑性，热和相变应变/应力。有限元法。模型中所需的所有钢性能均以单个微成分（奥氏体，珠光体，贝氏体或马氏体）的局部体积分数加权后的平均值计算得出，从而可以将模型应用于任何类型的碳钢或低合金钢。为了彻底验证仿真结果，在用搅拌水淬火的圆柱棒中进行了实验测量，并将这些测量值与模型结果进行了比较。棒与水之间的传热系数通过逆解技术计算得出，整个淬火期间的常数值为7200 W m〜（–2）K〜（–1）。对于低合金钢，棒材横截面中马氏体的测量和计算体积分数非常吻合，但是对于碳素钢，大多数成分的分数差异很大。使用X射线衍射法测量了淬火钢筋侧面的切向和轴向残余应力。这些应力是压缩应力，与本模型计算的应力非常吻合，表明差异通常低于10％。

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