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首页> 外文期刊>Ecology and Evolution >Phylogeography of a widespread small carnivore, the western spotted skunk ( Spilogale gracilis ) reveals temporally variable signatures of isolation across western North America
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Phylogeography of a widespread small carnivore, the western spotted skunk ( Spilogale gracilis ) reveals temporally variable signatures of isolation across western North America

机译：西部发现的臭鼬（Spilogale gracilis）的食肉动物的体志揭示了整个北美西部的时空隔离特征

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Abstract We analyzed phylogeographic patterns in the western spotted skunk, Spilogale gracilis Merriam, 1890 (Carnivora: Mephitidae) in relation to historical events associated with Pre-Pleistocene Divergence (PPD) and Quaternary climate change (QCC) using mitochondrial DNA from 97 individuals distributed across Western North America. Divergence times were generated using BEAST to estimate when isolation in putative refugia occurred. Patterns and timing of demographic expansion was performed using Bayesian skyline plot. Putative climatic refugia resulting from Quaternary climate change were identified using paleoecological niche modeling and divergence dates compared to major vicariant events associated with Pre-Pleistocene conditions. We recovered three major mitochondrial clades corresponding to western North America (California, Baja, and across the Great Basin), east-central North America (Texas, central Mexico, New Mexico), and southwestern Arizonaorthwestern Mexico. Time to most recent common ancestor for S. gracilis occurred ~1.36 Ma. Divergence times for each major clade occurred between 0.25 and 0.12 Ma, with signature of population expansion occurring 0.15 and 0.10 Ma. Ecological niche models identified three potential climatic refugia during the Last Interglacial, (1) west coast of California and Oregon, (2) northwestern Mexico, and (3) southern Texasortheastern Mexico as well as two refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum, (1) western USA and (2) southern Texasortheastern Mexico. This study supports PPD in shaping species-level diversity compared to QCC-driven changes at the intraspecific level for Spilogale , similar to the patterns reported for other small mammals (e.g., rodents and bats). Phylogeographic patterns also appear to have been shaped by both habitat and river vicariance, especially across the desert southwest. Further, continuing climate change during the Holocene coupled with anthropogenic modifications during the Anthropocene appears to be removing both of these barriers to current dispersal of western spotted skunks.
机译：摘要我们利用线粒体DNA的线粒体DNA，分析了西部斑点鼬臭鼬螺旋体Merriam，1890（Carnivora：Mephitidae）与前更新世发散（PPD）和第四纪气候变化（QCC）相关的历史事件的系统地理特征。北美西部。使用BEAST生成发散时间以估计推定的避难所何时发生隔离。使用贝叶斯天际线图进行人口膨胀的方式和时间安排。使用古生态位模型和第四纪气候变化导致的假定气候变迁，与与更新世前环境相关的主要维多利亚时代事件进行了比较。我们回收了三个主要的线粒体进化枝，分别对应于北美西部（加利福尼亚，巴哈和整个大盆地），北美中东部（德克萨斯州，中部墨西哥，新墨西哥）以及西南亚利桑那州/西北墨西哥。最近的共同祖先发生细纹链球菌的时间为〜1.36 Ma。每个主要进化枝的发散时间发生在0.25和0.12 Ma之间，种群扩展的特征发生在0.15和0.10 Ma之间。生态位模型确定了最后一次冰期之间的三种潜在的气候变迁，（1）加利福尼亚和俄勒冈州的西海岸，（2）墨西哥西北部，和（3）德克萨斯州/东北墨西哥南部，以及最后一次冰期最大时的两个变迁，（ 1）美国西部和（2）德克萨斯州/东北墨西哥南部。与QCC驱动的螺旋藻种内水平相比，这项研究支持PPD塑造物种水平的多样性，这与其他小型哺乳动物（例如啮齿动物和蝙蝠）报道的模式相似。栖息地和河流的变化，尤其是西南部的整个沙漠，植物志的形态似乎也受到影响。此外，全新世期间持续的气候变化以及人类世期间的人为改变似乎正在消除这两个阻碍西方斑点臭鼬当前扩散的障碍。

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