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Relations between risk attitudes, culture and the endowment effect

机译：风险态度，文化与the赋效应之间的关系

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The main purpose of this research was to examine whether systematic cross-national differences existed in risk preferences. As a part of the survey, it was also tested how the subjects decided on behalf of their friends. Considering the type of risk-taking and the role of endowment plus relevant cultural backgrounds, the answerers were grouped, and each segment could be identified. Finally, this segmentation could be correlated with behaviour in risk decisions. Here, the Allais situation was used testing respondent behaviour in risky decision-making on behalf of others. This paper used the validated DOSPERT Scale, measuring risk perceptions and risk preferences of international students (n=244). The used survey contained different risk attitudes depending on decision making and involved the following criteria: Ethical, Financial, Health or Safety, Recreational, and Social Risks. Applying the DOSPERT Scale, differences were also found between ‘Risk-Taking’, ‘Risk-Perceptions’, and ‘Expected Benefits’. This result can be explained by different risk attitudes particular to people making decisions involving measured risks. At the same time, thanks to the worldwide sample, this paper focused on cultural differences and observed the impact of different cultural backgrounds on risk-taking. Comparing personal traits with Hofstede’s cultural UAI (Uncertainty Avoidance Index) helped us understand deeper cultural influences. The sample was widely heterogeneous, which led to some changes in the original research question and provided a new method in the conceptual model. Based on the state of the art, a conceptual model was deduced, three hypotheses were tested, and three various segments were identified regarding the personal DOSPERT (Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale) Risk Preferences. In the second part of the paper, Personal Risk Preferences were connected and tested not only using the national culture background but also attitudes towards the endowment. Although there was no significant correlation between the distribution of risk perception, the styles of each role might show how the cultural heritage impacts various decisions and risk levels.
机译：这项研究的主要目的是检验风险偏好中是否存在系统的跨国差异。作为调查的一部分，还测试了受试者如何代表他们的朋友做出决定。考虑到冒险的类型和of赋的作用以及相关的文化背景，对答卷者进行了分组，可以确定每个细分。最后，这种细分可以与风险决策中的行为相关联。在这里，Allais的情况被用来代表他人在风险决策中测试受访者的行为。本文使用经过验证的DOSPERT量表，测量国际学生的风险认知和风险偏好（n = 244）。使用的调查根据决策制定了不同的风险态度，涉及以下标准：道德，财务，健康或安全，娱乐和社会风险。应用DOSPERT量表，“风险承担”，“风险感知”和“预期收益”之间也存在差异。可以通过特定于人们对涉及可测量风险的决策的不同风险态度来解释此结果。同时，借助全球样本，本文着重于文化差异，并观察了不同文化背景对冒险的影响。将个人特征与霍夫斯泰德的文化UAI（不确定性避免指数）进行比较，有助于我们了解更深层次的文化影响。该样本具有广泛的异质性，从而导致了原始研究问题的某些变化，并为概念模型提供了一种新方法。基于现有技术，推导了概念模型，测试了三个假设，并确定了有关个人DOSPERT（特定领域风险承担量表）风险偏好的三个不同部分。在本文的第二部分中，不仅使用了民族文化背景，还使用了对捐赠的态度，对个人风险偏好进行了连接和测试。尽管风险感知的分布之间没有显着相关性，但是每个角色的风格可能表明文化遗产如何影响各种决策和风险水平。

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