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首页> 外文期刊>Ecology and Evolution >Gamete production patterns, ploidy, and population genetics reveal evolutionary significant units in hybrid water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus)
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Gamete production patterns, ploidy, and population genetics reveal evolutionary significant units in hybrid water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus)

机译：配子的生产模式，倍性和种群遗传学揭示了杂种水蛙（Pelophylax esculentus）的进化重要单位

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AbstractThe European water frog Pelophylax esculentus is a natural hybrid between P. lessonae (genotype LL) and P. ridibundus (RR). It reproduces through hybridogenesis, eliminating one parental genome from its germline and producing gametes containing the genome of the other parental species. According to previous studies, this elimination and transmission pattern is very diverse. In mixed populations, where only diploid hybrids (LR) live in sympatry and mate with one or both parental species, the excluded genome varies among regions, and the remaining genome is transmitted clonally to haploid gametes. In all-hybrid populations consisting of diploid (LR) and triploid (LLR and/or LRR) frogs, diploid individuals also produce gametes clonally (1n in males, 2n in females), whereas triploids eliminate the genome they have in single copy and produce haploid gametes containing the recombined other genome. However, here, too, regional differences seem to exist, and some triploids have been reported to produce diploid gametes. In order to systematically study such regional and genotype differences in gamete production, their potential origin, and their consequences for the breeding system, we sampled frogs from five populations in three European countries, performed crossing experiments, and investigated the genetic variation through microsatellite analysis. For four populations, one in Poland, two in Germany, and one in Slovakia, our results confirmed the elimination and transmission pattern described above. In one Slovakian population, however, we found a totally different pattern. Here, triploid males (LLR) produce sperm with a clonally transmitted diploid LL genome, rather than a haploid recombined L genome, and LR females clonally produce haploid R eggs, rather than diploid LR eggs. These differences among the populations in gamete production go along with differences in genomotype composition, breeding system (i.e., the way triploids are produced), and genetic variation. These differences are strong evidence for a polyphyletic origin of triploids. Moreover, our findings shed light on the evolutionary potential inherent to the P. esculentus complex, where rare events due to untypical gametogenetic processes can lead to the raise, the perpetuation, and the dispersion of new evolutionary significant lineages which may also deserve special conservation measures.
机译：摘要欧洲水蛙esculentus是L.lessonae（基因型LL）和ridibundus（RR）之间的天然杂种。它通过杂交产生繁殖，从其种系中消除一个亲本基因组，并产生含有其他亲本物种基因组的配子。根据以前的研究，这种消除和传播方式非常多样。在仅二倍体杂种（LR）生活在交配中并与一种或两种亲本物种交配的混合种群中，被排除的基因组在区域之间有所不同，而其余的基因组则通过克隆方式传播给单倍体配子。在由二倍体（LR）和三倍体（LLR和/或LRR）青蛙组成的全杂交种群中，二倍体个体也克隆产生配子（雄性为1n，雌性为2n），而三倍体则消除了它们具有单拷贝的基因组并产生含有重组其他基因组的单倍体配子。但是，这里也似乎存在区域差异，据报道有些三倍体会产生二倍体配子。为了系统地研究配子生产中的区域和基因型差异，它们的潜在起源及其对繁殖系统的影响，我们从三个欧洲国家的五个种群中采集了青蛙，进行了杂交实验，并通过微卫星分析研究了遗传变异。对于四个人口，一个在波兰，两个在德国，一个在斯洛伐克，我们的结果证实了上述消除和传播模式。但是，在一个斯洛伐克人口中，我们发现了完全不同的模式。在这里，三倍体雄性（LLR）产生具有克隆传播的二倍体LL基因组的精子，而不是单倍体重组的L基因组，而LR雌性则克隆地产生单倍体R卵，而不是二倍体LR卵。配子生产人群中的这些差异，以及基因型组成，繁殖系统（即三倍体的生产方式）和遗传变异的差异。这些差异是三倍体起源的有力证据。此外，我们的发现揭示了食肉假单胞菌复合体固有的进化潜力，在这种情况下，由于非典型的配子发生过程而导致的罕见事件可能导致新的进化重要谱系的抬高，长存和扩散，这也可能值得采取特殊的保护措施。 。

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