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Seed dispersal at alpine treeline: an assessment of seed movement within the alpine treeline ecotone

机译：种子在高山林线散布：对高山林线过渡带内种子运动的评估

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Alpine treelines are expected to advance to higher elevations in conjunction with global warming. Nevertheless, the importance of treeline reproductive patterns and seed dispersal within the alpine treeline ecotone remains unresolved. In this study, we address two research questions at mountain hemlock treelines on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: (1) What is the primary mode of reproduction and (2) are seeds leading to recruitment derived from within the local treeline populations or are they arriving from more distant seed sources? To answer these questions, we exhaustively sampled mountain hemlock individuals along a single mountain slope, and genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms using double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing. First, we assessed mode of reproduction by determining the proportion of sampled individuals with identical multilocus genotypes that are the product of clonal reproduction. Second, we used a categorical parentage analysis to identify parent–offspring pairs, so that the proportion of treeline reproduction events could be spatially quantified and dispersal distance measured. We identified sexual reproduction as the primary mode of reproduction at our study site. Seedling establishment was characterized by extensive seed immigration and gene flow into the ecotone. The average dispersal distance was 73 m with long‐distance dispersal identified as dispersal occurring at distances greater than 450?m. We found that production of seeds within the alpine treeline ecotone is not necessarily a requirement for treelines to advance to higher elevations in response to climate change. The extensive seed dispersal and gene flow into the alpine treeline ecotone is likely sufficient to propel the ecotone higher under more favorable climate.
机译：随着全球变暖，预计高山林线将向更高的高度发展。然而，在高山林线过渡带内林线繁殖方式和种子传播的重要性仍未得到解决。在这项研究中，我们针对阿拉斯加基奈半岛的山铁杉树线提出了两个研究问题：（1）繁殖的主要方式是什么;（2）种子是导致从当地树线种群中招募的种子还是它们到达来自更遥远的种子来源？为了回答这些问题，我们在单个山坡上详尽地对山铁杉个体进行了采样，并使用双消化限制性位点相关的DNA测序对单核苷酸多态性进行了基因分型。首先，我们通过确定具有相同多位点基因型的样本个体的比例（是克隆繁殖的产物）来评估繁殖方式。其次，我们使用分类亲子关系分析来确定亲子对后代，以便可以在空间上量化林木繁殖事件的比例并测量散布距离。我们在研究场所将性生殖确定为生殖的主要方式。苗木建立的特征是大量的种子迁移和基因流入过渡区。平均散布距离为73 m，长距离散布被确定为发生在距离大于450？m处的散布。我们发现，高山林线过渡带内的种子生产并不一定是林线响应气候变化而向更高海拔发展的必要条件。种子的大量散布和基因向高山林线过渡带的流动很可能足以在更有利的气候条件下将过渡带推高。

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