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Influence of migratory ungulate management on competitive interactions with resident species in a protected area

机译：有蹄类动物迁徙管理对与保护区内居民物种竞争性相互作用的影响

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Migratory animals can represent links between protected and unprotected parts of their home ranges. Management of such species outside a conservation area can influence species interactions inside the protected zone. This may result in unintended effects on populations of conservation concern even if they spend their entire life cycle within the protected area. We examined interspecific interactions between three species of large herbivores in the absence of mammalian predators in the Swiss National Park, and assessed whether the population size of the migratory red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) that is harvested outside the park in autumn and winter affected the two resident species, chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ) and ibex ( Capra ibex ). Dietary overlap was high between the three species while they co‐occurred in the park, suggesting potential for interspecific resource competition. Particularly the habitat use of chamois was affected by red deer population size, with decreased use of meadows and forest with increasing red deer numbers, and increased use of areas covered by scree. Ibex habitat use was affected by the population sizes of all three species, but effects differed between species and season. Moreover, horn growth in young chamois and the population growth rate of ibex were negatively related to red deer numbers. The results suggest that high population size of red deer negatively affects ibex and chamois through the migratory behavior of red deer between protected and non‐protected areas. Effective management of a migratory ungulate species outside the protected part of its range, taking account of its ecology and natural behavior, can thus have positive effects on populations within a protected area by alleviating interspecific competition. However, this requires co‐operation between policy makers and hunters, acceptance by local people, as well as flexibility to deviate from traditional management regimes such as supplementary feeding to tie animals to certain areas.
机译：迁徙动物可以代表家园范围内受保护和不受保护的部分之间的联系。在保护区外对此类物种的管理可能会影响保护区内的物种相互作用。即使他们在保护区内度过了整个生命周期，也可能对保护区人口造成意想不到的影响。我们研究了瑞士国家公园中没有哺乳动物捕食者的情况下三种大型草食动物之间的种间相互作用，并评估了秋冬季节在公园外收获的迁徙马鹿（鹿种）的种群规模是否影响了这两种常驻物种，麂皮（Rupicapra rupicapra）和高地山羊（Capra ibex）。在公园中同时出现的这三个物种之间的饮食重叠率很高，表明种间资源竞争的潜力。特别是麂皮栖息地的使用受到马鹿种群数量的影响，草地和森林的使用减少，马鹿数量增加，卵石覆盖区域的使用增加。高地山羊栖息地的使用受到这三个物种种群数量的影响，但是不同物种和季节的影响不同。此外，年轻羚羊的角生长和高地山羊的种群增长率与马鹿数量负相关。结果表明，马鹿的高种群数量通过马鹿在保护区和非保护区之间的迁徙行为对白鹭和羚羊产生负面影响。考虑到其生态和自然行为，对不在其保护范围内的有蹄类动物进行有效管理，可以减轻种间竞争，从而对保护区内的种群产生积极影响。但是，这需要决策者和猎人之间的合作，当地人的接受以及灵活地偏离传统的管理制度，例如将动物绑在特定区域的补充喂养。

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