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Introduced lake trout alter nitrogen cycling beyond Yellowstone Lake

机译：引进湖鳟改变黄石湖以外的氮循环

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Introduced predators can have large effects on the ecosystem in which they were introduced, but how much these effects extend to other ecosystems beyond the invaded one is less known. We compared how lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) affected nutrient cycling in an invaded and adjacent ecosystem in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Introduced lake trout in Yellowstone Lake caused the native Yellowstone cutthroat trout ( Oncoryhynchus clarkii bouvieri ) population to decline. Native cutthroat trout are a dominant animal in the lake and may alter nutrient cycling in both Yellowstone Lake where they reside and in tributary streams used for spawning. We estimated changes in nutrient transport and nutrient uptake in both Yellowstone Lake and Clear Creek, a spawning stream, before and after the invasion of lake trout. Annual area‐specific excretion fluxes from cutthroat trout were nine times higher in Clear Creek compared to Yellowstone Lake when cutthroat trout were abundant. However, fluxes within the lake and stream were similar after cutthroat trout declined. In Yellowstone Lake, zooplankton excretion supplied 86% of ammonium (NH_(4)~(+)) that was taken up, but cutthroat trout only supplied 0.3% after the introduction of lake trout. Conversely, NH_(4)~(+) excreted by cutthroat trout was likely a major flux in Clear Creek, because NH_(4)~(+) fluxes from cutthroat trout exceeded watershed export of NH_(4)~(+) in years when 3000 cutthroat trout spawned. Furthermore, NH_(4)~(+) excretion fluxes from spawning cutthroat trout in Clear Creek supplied up to 6.1% of the NH_(4)~(+) demanded by microbes after the introduction of lake trout. However, based on modeled past NH_(4)~(+) uptake, we estimated that up to 60% of NH_(4)~(+) excreted by spawning cutthroat trout may have been taken up by stream microbes when cutthroat trout were abundant. Therefore, transported NH_(4)~(+) from spawning cutthroat trout was likely an integral part of N cycling in tributary streams in the past. By comparing the effects of declining cutthroat trout on two ecosystems, we show that lake trout had a larger effect on N cycling within an adjacent stream ecosystem than the invaded lake ecosystem itself, because the migratory behavior of cutthroat trout concentrated them in spawning streams increasing their effect.
机译：引入的捕食者可能会对引入它们的生态系统产生巨大影响，但是鲜为人知，这些影响在何种程度上扩展到了入侵生态系统之外。在美国怀俄明州黄石国家公园，我们比较了湖鳟（Salvelinus namaycush）对入侵和邻近生态系统中养分循环的影响。黄石湖中引入的湖鳟导致本地黄石stone鱼鳟（Oncoryhynchus clarkii bouvieri）种群减少。本地的喉咙鳟鱼是该湖中的优势动物，可能改变它们居住的黄石湖和用于产卵的支流中的养分循环。我们估计了黄鳟湖和鳟鱼入侵之前和之后的一条产卵流Clearstone的养分运输和养分吸收的变化。清晰的溪流中，每年的区域性粪便排泄通量比清晰的河鳟丰富时的黄石湖高出九倍。但是，在致命鳟鱼下降之后，湖泊和溪流中的通量相似。在黄石湖中，浮游动物的排泄物吸收了所吸收的铵态氮（NH_（4）〜（+））的86％，而引入鳟鱼后，cut喉鳟鱼仅供给了<0.3％。相反，由于多年以来，来自尖嘴鳟鱼的NH_（4）〜（+）通量超过了NH_（4）〜（+）的分水岭出口，因此尖锐鳟鱼排泄的NH_（4）〜（+）可能是Clear Creek的主要通量。当> 3000的凶猛鳟鱼产卵时。此外，Clear Creek产卵的刺喉鳟鱼的NH_（4）〜（+）排泄通量提供了引入湖鳟鱼后微生物所需的NH_（4）〜（+）的6.1％。但是，根据过去的NH_（4）〜（+）吸收模型，我们估算出当鳟鱼鳟鱼丰富时，高达60％由产卵的鳟鱼鳟鱼排出的NH_（4）〜（+）可能已被流微生物吸收。 。因此，过去从cut鱼鳟鱼产生的NH_（4）〜（+）可能是支流中N循环不可或缺的一部分。通过比较cut鱼鳟鱼数量减少对两个生态系统的影响，我们发现，与入侵的湖泊生态系统本身相比，N鱼对相邻溪流生态系统中的氮循环影响更大，因为cut鱼鳟鱼的迁徙行为使它们集中在产卵溪流中，从而增加了影响。

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