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Pattern and scale in latitude–production relationships for freshwater fishes

机译：淡水鱼的纬度与产量关系的模式和规模

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Empirically understanding spatial variation in secondary production rates is central to ecology. Yet for most taxa, such patterns are rarely examined, especially at different levels of ecological organization (e.g., species‐ vs. community‐level patterns). We compiled data on biomass, production, and P/B rates of freshwater fish communities and species across latitudes and contrast patterns observed at the community level with those observed for species. At the community level, and at two distinct spatial scales (global vs. continental‐North American), negative or neutral relationships were apparent between biomass, production, and P/B with latitude; however, there was substantial scatter in these data. Yet at the species level in North America, production was often closely linked to latitude, but in the opposite direction: Many species showed improved production with latitude. Latitudinal increases in species‐level production rates were strongest for cool‐ and cold‐water species, and species rarely showed the opposite trend. Species‐level increases in production with latitude strengthened when production rates were normalized by the thermal opportunity for production, suggesting potential adaptations of individuals and populations to shorter growing seasons (i.e., “countergradient” production) at high latitudes. At the global scale, there were apparent unimodal relationships between community fish production measures and species richness; however, these patterns became linearized or non‐significant at the continental scale. Decreased interspecific competition at northern latitudes combined with genetic adaptations (e.g., countergradient growth) could explain a tendency for increased species production in northern populations, while total community production remains reduced. Latitude has contrasting effects on fish production at different spatial scales and levels of biological organization. Thus while freshwater fish communities are somewhat more productive and diverse at lower latitudes, species production in northern populations is often surprisingly high.
机译：从经验上理解二级生产率的空间变化对生态至关重要。然而，对于大多数分类单元而言，很少检查这种模式，尤其是在生态组织的不同级别上（例如物种与社区级别的模式）。我们收集了跨纬度的淡水鱼群落和物种的生物量，产量和P / B率的数据，以及在群落水平上观察到的与物种观察到的对比模式。在社区一级，在两个不同的空间尺度上（全球与北美大陆），生物量，产量和纬度与市净率之间存在明显的负相关或中性关系。但是，这些数据存在很大的分散性。但是在北美物种水平上，产量通常与纬度紧密相关，但方向相反：许多物种显示纬度提高了产量。冷水和冷水物种的物种水平生产率的横向增长最强，而物种很少显示相反的趋势。当通过生产的热机会使生产率正常化时，纬度的物种水平增加会增强，这表明高纬度地区的个人和种群可能适应较短的生长季节（即“逆梯度”生产）。在全球范围内，社区鱼类生产措施与物种丰富度之间存在明显的单峰关系。但是，这些模式在大陆范围内变得线性化或不显着。北部纬度的种间竞争减少加上遗传适应（例如反梯度生长）可能解释了北部种群物种产量增加的趋势，而社区总产量仍然减少。纬度在不同的空间规模和生物组织水平上对鱼类生产具有相反的影响。因此，虽然在低纬度地区淡水鱼群落的生产力和多样性有所提高，但北部种群的物种产量往往令人惊讶。

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