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Disentangling the contributions of dispersal limitation, ecological drift, and ecological filtering to wild bee community assembly

机译：阐明散布限制，生态漂移和生态过滤对野生蜂群落聚集的贡献

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The species composition within communities is highly dependent on the rate of species immigration and whether immigrating species possess the functional traits required by the prevailing environmental conditions. Once established, random fluctuations in birth and death rates may reduce the diversity of ecologically equivalent species if local populations are not replenished by immigrating individuals. Consequently, three key processes drive community assembly: dispersal limitation, ecological filtering, and ecological drift. However, disentangling the relative contribution of these processes remains a challenge in community ecology. We used a binomial generalized linear mixed model to test whether the occurrences of solitary bees within 46 communities in southeast Norway were driven by (1) dispersal limitation, that is, the geographic distance to the nearest site where conspecifics occurred; (2) ecological filtering, that is, if forb species richness selected for non‐Ericaceae‐affiliated species; and (3) ecological drift, that is, if small, isolated communities were dominated by regionally common species. The regression slopes from the model for each potential driver of community composition were compared with those expected under a null model, in which species were treated as ecologically equivalent. Both dispersal limitation and ecological filtering influenced the probability of species occurring within communities. The occurrence of species decreased with elevation, and this relationship depended on the relative commonness of species and their floral preferences. For non‐Ericaceae‐affiliated species, the patterns of occurrence mirrored that expected under the null (neutral) model, resulting in the same patterns as would be expected under ecological drift. In contrast, the response of Ericaceae‐affiliated species differed from what would be expected from the null model. Our results also indicate that processes leading to neutral dynamics in species compositions drive a large part of the gradient in species richness in Norwegian bee communities. These processes seem related to sampling effects so that large and interconnected communities have a higher probability of including regionally rare species than small, isolated communities. Our results suggest that targeting habitats—where the influence of ecological filtering is expected to be greater than that of neutral dynamics—can increase the success of habitat management plans aimed at promoting rare species.
机译：社区内的物种组成高度取决于物种迁徙的速度以及迁徙物种是否具有当前环境条件所要求的功能特征。一旦确定下来，如果当地人口不由移民个人补充，则出生和死亡率的随机波动可能会减少生态等效物种的多样性。因此，驱动社区聚集的三个关键过程是：扩散限制，生态过滤和生态漂移。但是，弄清这些过程的相对贡献仍然是社区生态学中的挑战。我们使用二项式广义线性混合模型来测试挪威东南部46个社区内单蜂的发生是否受以下因素驱动：（1）扩散限制，即距最近发生同种异位的地理位置的距离; （2）生态过滤，也就是说，是否为非稻科的隶属物种选择了福布斯物种丰富度; （3）生态漂移，即如果是孤立的小社区，则以区域常见物种为主。将模型中每个潜在的群落组成驱动因素的回归斜率与零模型下的预期值进行了比较，在该模型中，物种被视为具有生态等效性。扩散限制和生态过滤都影响物种在社区内发生的可能性。物种的出现随着海拔的升高而减少，并且这种关系取决于物种的相对共性及其花卉的喜好。对于非稻草科附属物种，其发生模式与零（中性）模型下的预期模式相仿，从而导致与生态漂移下预期的模式相同。相反，Ericaceae相关物种的响应与空模型所预期的不同。我们的结果还表明，导致物种组成中性动态的过程驱动了挪威蜂群落物种丰富度的很大一部分梯度。这些过程似乎与采样效应有关，因此，与大型孤立的社区相比，大型且相互关联的社区包含区域稀有物种的可能性更高。我们的结果表明，针对栖息地（生态过滤的影响预计将大于中立动态），可以提高旨在促进稀有物种的栖息地管理计划的成功率。

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