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首页> 外文期刊>Irish Veterinary Journal >Ergot alkaloid intoxication in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne): an emerging animal health concern in Ireland?
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Ergot alkaloid intoxication in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne): an emerging animal health concern in Ireland?

机译：多年生黑麦草中的麦角生物碱中毒（黑麦草）：爱尔兰对动物健康的关注？

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Four primary mycotoxicosis have been reported in livestock caused by fungal infections of grasses or cereals by members of the Clavicipitaceae family. Ergotism (generally associated with grasses, rye, triticale and other grains) and fescue toxicosis (associated with tall fescue grass, Festuca arundinacea) are both caused by ergot alkaloids, and referred to as ‘ergot alkaloid intoxication’. Ryegrass staggers (associated with perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne) is due to intoxication with an indole-diperpene, Lolitrem B, and metabolites. Fescue-associated oedema, recently described in Australia, may be associated with a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, N-acetyl norloline. Ergotism, caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, is visible and infects the outside of the plant seed. Fescue toxicosis and ryegrass staggers are caused by Neotyphodium coenophalium and N. lolii, respectively. Fescue-associated oedema has been associated with tall fescue varieties infected with a specific strain of N. coenophialum (AR542, Max P or Max Q). The name Neotyphodium refers to asexual derivatives of Epichlo? spp., which have collectively been termed the epichlo? fungi. These fungi exist symbiotically within the grass and are invisible to the naked eye. The primary toxicological effect of ergot alkaloid involves vasoconstriction and/or hypoprolactinaemia. Ingestion of ergot alkaloid by livestock can cause a range of effects, including poor weight gain, reduced fertility, hyperthermia, convulsions, gangrene of the extremities, and death. To date there are no published reports, either internationally or nationally, reporting ergot alkaloid intoxication specifically associated with perennial ryegrass endophytes. However, unpublished reports from the Irish Equine Centre have identified a potential emerging problem of ergot alkaloid intoxication with respect to equines and bovines, on primarily perennial ryegrass-based diets. Ergovaline has been isolated in varying concentrations in the herbage of a small number of equine and bovine farms where poor animal health and performance had been reported. Additionally, in some circumstances changes to the diet, where animals were fed primarily herbage, were sufficient to reverse adverse effects. Pending additional information, these results suggest that Irish farm advisors and veterinarians should be aware of the potential adverse role on animal health and performance of ergot alkaloids from perennial ryegrass infected with endophytic fungi.
机译：据报道，由于锁草科的成员对草或谷物进行真菌感染，导致家畜出现四种原发性霉菌毒素中毒。麦角病（通常与草，黑麦，黑小麦和其他谷物相关）和羊茅中毒（与羊茅高脚羊茅相关）都由麦角生物碱引起，被称为“麦角生物碱中毒”。黑麦草交错（与多年生黑麦草黑麦草黑麦草相关）是由于对吲哚-二萜，Lolitrem B和代谢物的中毒所致。最近在澳大利亚描述的与羊茅相关的水肿可能与吡咯烷核生物碱，N-乙酰基诺洛林有关。可见由紫癜的真菌引起的麦角病，并感染植物种子的外部。羊茅间夜蛾和萝莉猪笼草分别引起羊茅中毒和黑麦草交错。羊茅相关性水肿已与高感染羊茅的变种有关，这些羊茅变种感染了特定的猪新孢子虫（AR542，Max P或Max Q）。 Neotyphodium的名字是指Epichlo？的无性衍生物。 spp。，这些统称为epichlo？菌类。这些真菌共生存在于草丛中，肉眼看不见。麦角生物碱的主要毒理作用涉及血管收缩和/或泌乳素不足。牲畜摄入麦角生物碱可引起一系列影响，包括体重增加不佳，生育力降低，体温过高，抽搐，四肢坏疽和死亡。迄今为止，在国际上或国内没有公开的报告报道麦角生物碱中毒与多年生黑麦草内生菌特别相关。然而，爱尔兰马中心的未发表报告已经发现，主要是多年生黑麦草饮食，麦角生物和牛的麦角生物碱中毒正在出现。在一些动物和健康状况较差的少数马场和牛场的牧草中，已分离出不同浓度的麦角新碱。另外，在某些情况下，改变饮食，以动物为食，足以逆转不良影响。在等待更多信息之前，这些结果表明爱尔兰农场顾问和兽医应注意感染内生真菌的多年生黑麦草的麦角生物碱对动物健康和性能的潜在不利作用。

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