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Genetic and evolutionary analysis of emerging H3N2 canine influenza virus

机译：新兴H3N2犬流感病毒的遗传和进化分析

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The H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) originated from an avian species. Since its emergence, it has circulated in multiple states and has caused pandemics among dog populations; however, no comprehensive studies have explored the causes driving these ongoing cases. The study of the codon usage patterns of viruses can reveal the genetic changes required for the viruses to adapt to new hosts and the external environment. Here we performed a thorough genetic, evolutionary, and codon usage analysis. We identified three evolutionary H3N2 CIV clades from a timescaled phylogenetic tree, namely, Origin, China, and Korea/USA, by principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, we found a low codon usage bias and that mutation pressure, natural selection, and dinucleotide abundance shape the codon usage bias of H3N2 CIVs, with natural selection being more crucial than the others. Moreover, the human codon adaptation index was similar to that of dogs (the natural host) and cats. In addition, the H3N2 CIV similarity index values were higher than those of the avian influenza virus (AIV), suggesting viral adaptation to the host. Therefore, H3N2 CIVs may pose a potential risk to public health in the future, and further epidemiologic, evolutionary, and pathogenetic studies are required.
机译：H3N2犬流感病毒（CIV）源自禽类。自从它出现以来，它已经在多个州流通，并在狗群中引起了大流行。但是，尚无全面的研究探讨导致这些持续病例的原因。对病毒密码子使用方式的研究可以揭示病毒适应新宿主和外部环境所需的遗传变化。在这里，我们进行了彻底的遗传，进化和密码子使用分析。通过主成分分析（PCA），我们从时间尺度的系统发育树中鉴定了三个H3N2 CIV进化进化枝，即Origin，中国和韩国/美国。此外，我们发现了较低的密码子使用偏倚，并且突变压力，自然选择和二核苷酸丰度影响了H3N2 CIV的密码子使用偏倚，其中自然选择比其他选择更为关键。此外，人类密码子适应指数与狗（自然宿主）和猫相似。此外，H3N2 CIV相似性指数值高于禽流感病毒（AIV），表明病毒对宿主的适应性。因此，H3N2 CIV可能会在未来对公共健康构成潜在风险，因此需要进一步的流行病学，进化和病原学研究。

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