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Experimental evolution reveals that sperm competition intensity selects for longer, more costly sperm

机译：实验进化表明，精子竞争强度选择的时间更长，成本更高

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Abstract It is the differences between sperm and eggs that fundamentally underpin the differences between the sexes within reproduction. For males, it is theorized that widespread sperm competition leads to selection for investment in sperm numbers, achieved by minimizing sperm size within limited resources for spermatogenesis in the testis. Here, we empirically examine how sperm competition shapes sperm size, after more than 77 generations of experimental selection of replicate lines under either high or low sperm competition intensities in the promiscuous flour beetle Tribolium castaneum . After this experimental evolution, populations had diverged significantly in their sperm competitiveness, with sperm in ejaculates from males evolving under high sperm competition intensities gaining 20% greater paternity than sperm in ejaculates from males that had evolved under low sperm competition intensity. Males did not change their relative investment into sperm production following this experimental evolution, showing no difference in testis sizes between high and low intensity regimes. However, the more competitive males from high sperm competition intensity regimes had evolved significantly longer sperm and, across six independently selected lines, there was a significant association between the degree of divergence in sperm length and average sperm competitiveness. To determine whether such sperm elongation is costly, we used dietary restriction experiments, and revealed that protein-restricted males produced significantly shorter sperm. Our findings therefore demonstrate that sperm competition intensity can exert positive directional selection on sperm size, despite this being a costly reproductive trait.
机译：摘要精子和卵子之间的差异从根本上支撑了生殖中性别的差异。对于男性，理论上认为，广泛的精子竞争会导致选择精子数量的投资，这是通过在有限的睾丸精子发生资源中最小化精子大小来实现的。在这里，我们通过实验研究了在杂色面粉甲虫Tribolium castaneum中，在高或低精子竞争强度下，经过77代以上的复制品系的实验选择后，精子竞争如何影响精子大小。经过这种实验性的进化后，种群的精子竞争能力发生了很大的差异，雄性精子在高精子竞争强度下进化的精子的亲子性比精子竞争性在低精子下进化的雄性精子的亲子性高20％。在进行这种实验后，雄性并未改变其对精子生产的相对投资，显示出高强度和低强度方案之间睾丸大小没有差异。然而，来自高精子竞争强度机制的更具竞争力的雄性已经进化出更长的精子，并且在六个独立选择的品系中，精子长度的差异程度与平均精子竞争力之间存在显着关联。为了确定这种精子延长是否昂贵，我们使用饮食限制实验，并发现蛋白质限制的雄性产生的精子明显短得多。因此，我们的发现表明，精子竞争强度可以对精子大小产生积极的方向选择，尽管这是一项昂贵的繁殖性状。

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