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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Detection of Lead (II) in Drinking Water: A Mini-Review

机译：用于检测饮用水中铅（II）的离子选择电极：综述。

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Despite the fact that the adverse health effects due to the intake of lead have been well studied and widely recognized, lead contamination in drinking water has been reoccurring worldwide, with some incidents escalating into a public drinking water crisis. As lead contamination is often related to lead-based pipes close to or inside homes, it is not realistic, at least in the near term, to remove and replace all lead connection pipes and lead-based plumbing. Effective monitoring of lead concentration at consumers’ water taps remains critical for providing consumers with first-hand information and preventing potential wide-spread lead contamination in drinking water. This review paper examines the existing common technologies for laboratory testing and on-site measuring of lead concentrations. As the conventional analytical techniques for lead detection require using expensive instruments, as well as a high time for sample preparation and a skilled operator, an emphasis is placed on reviewing ion-selective electrode (ISE) technology due to its superior performance, low cost, ease of use, and its promising potential to be miniaturized and integrated into standalone sensing units. In a holistic way, this paper reviews and discusses the background, different types of ISEs are reviewed and discussed, namely liquid-contact ISEs and solid-contact ISEs. Along with the potential opportunities for further research, the limitations and unique challenges of ISEs for lead detection are also discussed in detail.
机译：尽管事实上已经对摄取铅引起的不利健康影响进行了充分的研究并得到了广泛认可，但饮用水中的铅污染已在全球范围内再次发生，一些事件已升级为公共饮用水危机。由于铅污染通常与家庭附近或室内的铅基管道有关，因此至少在短期内移除和更换所有铅连接管道和铅基管道并不现实。有效监控消费者水龙头上的铅浓度对于为消费者提供第一手信息并防止饮用水中潜在的广泛铅污染仍然至关重要。这篇综述文章探讨了用于实验室测试和现场测量铅浓度的现有通用技术。由于传统的铅检测分析技术需要使用昂贵的仪器，并且需要大量的时间进行样品制备和熟练的操作人员，因此由于离子筛选电极（ISE）性能优越，成本低，易于使用，并且有潜力将其小型化并集成到独立的传感单元中。本文以整体的方式回顾和讨论了背景，对不同类型的ISE进行了讨论和讨论，即液体接触ISE和固体接触ISE。除了进一步研究的潜在机会外，还详细讨论了用于铅检测的ISE的局限性和独特挑战。

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