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The Evolution of Evolutionary Thinking in Chile

机译：智利进化思维的演变

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The scientific study of evolution in Chile has experienced periods of diversification and stasis, depending upon the social and political context at different times. In the eighteenth century, most of the natural history research consisted of systematics and taxonomy and, as in most of South America, this task was performed mainly by natural historian theologists. Later, the immigration of European scientists to Chile after independence from Spain in 1810 improved substantially its knowledge of the local biota and stimulated the diversification of naturalists in the country. Research in modern biology and the teaching of genetics in Chile can be traced back to Giovanni Noe, an Italian zoologist who had a profound impact in the first third of the twentieth century. In the 1960s–70s, Danko Brncic, a population geneticist educated in the tradition of Dobzhansky and the modern synthesis, led the most important diversification process in the study of evolutionary biology in the country. However, the military coup in 1973 brought this radiation to a sudden stop and produced a stasis period associated with the subsequent 17-year dictatorship. Evolutionary biology recovered its status after the re-establishment of democracy, and it is currently experiencing an exciting and renewed diversification period that has led to the foundation of the Chilean Society of Evolutionary Biology, the only scientific society for the study of evolution in Latin America. One of the missions of the Society is to bridge the gap between scientists and science educators in order to improve the teaching of evolution at different levels both in secular and religious schools. Even though the Roman Catholic Church has been a pivotal institution in the development of Chilean society, debate on evolutionism—creationism issues has been largely absent both in public and academic discussions. The influence of religion on science education has been sporadic, and mostly related to omission rather than tergiversation of scientific information in biology textbooks. Currently, schools are obliged by law to teach the basics of evolution in K-12 and K-16 levels (or their local equivalents). Because of this, there is little at present that suggests an organized creationist or intelligent design movement surge in the near future. Nevertheless, the high percentage of religiosity in Chile, together with the observation that the moral values of Chilean society are among the most conservative in the world, provide good reasons to remain vigilant.
机译：智利的进化科学研究经历了多样化和停滞的时期，这取决于不同时期的社会和政治背景。在18世纪，大多数自然史研究包括系统学和分类学，与南美洲大部分地区一样，这一任务主要由自然历史学家完成。后来，1810年从西班牙独立后，欧洲科学家移居智利，大大提高了其对当地生物群系的了解，并刺激了该国自然主义者的多元化。智利现代生物学研究和遗传学教学的历史可以追溯到意大利的动物学家Giovanni Noe，他在20世纪上半叶产生了深远的影响。在1960年代至70年代，以多布赞斯基（Dobzhansky）传统和现代综合技术教育的人口遗传学家Danko Brncic领导了该国进化生物学研究中最重要的多元化进程。但是，1973年的军事政变使这种辐射突然停止，并在随后的17年独裁统治期间产生了停滞期。民主重建后，进化生物学恢复了地位，目前正经历着一个令人振奋和崭新的多元化时期，这导致了智利进化生物学学会的成立，这是拉丁美洲唯一一个研究进化论的科学学会。 。该学会的任务之一是弥合科学家与科学教育者之间的鸿沟，以改善世俗学校和宗教学校不同层次的进化教学。尽管罗马天主教一直是智利社会发展的重要机构，但在公开讨论和学术讨论中，都几乎没有关于进化论—创意主义问题的辩论。宗教对科学教育的影响是零星的，主要与生物学教科书中科学信息的遗漏而不是根深蒂固有关。当前，法律规定学校必须教授K-12和K-16等级（或其当地同等等级）的进化基础。因此，目前几乎没有什么迹象表明在不久的将来有组织的创造论者或聪明的设计运动会激增。尽管如此，智利的宗教信仰比例很高，而且观察到智利社会的道德价值观是世界上最保守的价值观之一，这提供了保持警惕的充分理由。

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