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首页> 外文期刊>Evolution >Brocchi, Darwin, and Transmutation: Phylogenetics and Paleontology at the Dawn of Evolutionary Biology
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Brocchi, Darwin, and Transmutation: Phylogenetics and Paleontology at the Dawn of Evolutionary Biology

机译：布罗基，达尔文和，变：进化生物学黎明时的系统发育学和古生物学

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Giambattista Brocchi’s (1814) monograph (see Dominici, Evo Edu Outreach, this issue, 2010) on the Tertiary fossils of the Subappenines in Italy—and their relation to the living molluscan fauna—contains a theoretical, transmutational perspective (“Brocchian transmutation”). Unlike Lamarck (1809), Brocchi saw species as discrete and fundamentally stable entities. Explicitly analogizing the births and deaths of species with those of individual organisms (“Brocchi’s analogy”), Brocchi proposed that species have inherent longevities, eventually dying of old age unless driven to extinction by external forces. As for individuals, births and deaths of species are understood to have natural causes; sequences of births and deaths of species produce genealogical lineages of descent, and faunas become increasingly modernized through time. Brocchi calculated that over 50% of his fossil species are still alive in the modern fauna. Brocchi’s work was reviewed by Horner (1816) in Edinburgh. Brocchi’s influence as a transmutational thinker is clear in Jameson’s (1827) “geological illustrations” in his fifth edition of his translation of Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth (read by his student Charles Darwin) and in the anonymous essays of 1826 and 1827 published in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal—which also carried a notice of Brocchi’s death in 1827. The notion that new species replace older, extinct ones—in what today would be called an explicitly phylogenetic context—permeates these essays. Herschel’s (1830) discussion of temporal replacement of species and the modernization of faunas closely mirrors these prior discussions. His book, dedicated to the search for natural causes of natural phenomena, was read by Charles Darwin while a student at Cambridge. Darwin’s work on HMS Beagle was in large measure an exploration of replacement patterns of “allied forms” of endemic species in time and in space. His earliest discussions of transmutation, in his essay February 1835, as well as the Red Notebook and the early pages of Notebook B (the latter two written in 1837 back in England), contain Brocchi’s analogy, including the idea of inherent species longevities. Darwin’s first theory of the origin of species was explicitly saltational, invoking geographic isolation as the main cause of the abrupt appearance of new species. We conclude that Darwin was testing the predicted patterns of both Brocchian and Lamarckian transmutation as early as 1832 at the outset of his work on the Beagle.
机译：Giambattista Brocchi（1814）的专着（见多米尼奇，Evo Edu外展，本期，2010年），关于意大利次生Appenines的第三纪化石及其与活软体动物区系的关系，包含一个理论上的perspective变观点（“ Brocchian mut变”） 。与拉马克（1809）不同，布罗基认为物种是离散且基本稳定的实体。 Brocchi明确地将物种的生死与个体生物的生死进行了类比（“ Brocchi的类比”），他提出物种具有固有的寿命，除非因外力而灭绝，否则最终将死掉。对于个人而言，物种的出生和死亡被认为是自然原因。物种的生死顺序产生了族谱世系，而动物随着时间的流逝越来越现代化。布罗基估计，他的化石物种中有50％以上仍在现代动物区系中存活。 Hornc（1816）在爱丁堡对Brocchi的作品进行了评论。布罗基作为a变思想家的影响力在詹姆森（1827）的“地质插图”中很清楚，他的第五版是对居维叶地球理论的译本（由他的学生查尔斯·达尔文读），以及在1826年和1827年出版的匿名论文中《爱丁堡新哲学杂志》（也载有布罗基在1827年去世的消息）。这些论文充斥着新物种取代旧的，灭绝的物种的概念（在今天被称为明确的系统发育背景）。赫歇尔（Herschel）（1830）对物种的暂时替代和动物群现代化的讨论紧密地反映了这些先前的讨论。查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）在剑桥大学读书时读过他的书，该书致力于寻找自然现象的自然原因。达尔文在HMS Beagle上的工作在很大程度上是探索时空在地上对特有物种“联盟形式”的替代模式。 1835年2月，他在有关t变的最早讨论中，以及《红色笔记本》和《笔记本B》的前几页（后两本书于1837年写回到英格兰）都包含了布罗基的类比，包括固有物种长寿的想法。达尔文关于物种起源的第一个理论明确地是咸化的，它把地理隔离作为新物种突然出现的主要原因。我们得出的结论是，早在1832年达尔文开始在比格犬上工作时，就已经在测试布罗奇式和拉马克式的trans变的预测模式。

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