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Monitoring Coastline Dynamics of Alakol Lake in Kazakhstan Using Remote Sensing Data

机译：利用遥感数据监测哈萨克斯坦Alakol湖海岸线动态

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Alakol Lake is one of the largest hydrologically closed lake located in Balkash-Alakol River Basin in southeast Kazakhstan. Having a coastline approximately at 490 km, Alakol Lake has faced multiple threats due to both natural and anthropogenic factors as a result of tectonic movements, geology, wind-wave conditions, growing tourism activities, fishing, and transport, etc. The present study aims to investigate the historical trends in coastline changes along Alakol Lake in Kazakhstan and estimate its change rate by using remote sensing data in particular scale-space images Landsat-5 TM, 7 ETM+, 8 OLI, and Sentinel-2A. Based on Landsat and Sentinel data, the modified normalized difference water index was calculated to demonstrate the coastline changes along Alakol Lake between 1990 and 2018. Moreover, the monitoring and analysis of coastline dynamics is based on the main morphometric characteristics of Alakol Lake including water surface area, coastline length, geomorphology of the coast, etc. Our results reveal that there is a continuous coastline retreat, depending on the coast types. For example, in the case of the denudation coasts, a land inundation was from 120 to 270 m between 1990 and 2018. In the case of the accumulative coast (mainly northeast, north, and northwest coasts) a land inundation was from 200 to 900 m. A vast area of agricultural land around Alakol Lake become flooded and lost. This study demonstrates the importance of monitoring coastline dynamics because it provides essential information for understanding the coastal response to contemporary nature and anthropogenic impacts.
机译：Alakol湖是哈萨克斯坦东南部Balkash-Alakol流域最大的水文封闭湖泊之一。由于构造运动，地质，风浪条件，不断增长的旅游活动，捕鱼和运输等因素，阿拉科湖拥有约490公里的海岸线，由于自然和人为因素而面临多种威胁。以调查哈萨克斯坦Alakol湖沿岸海岸线变化的历史趋势，并通过使用遥感数据（特别是尺度空间图像Landsat-5 TM，7 ETM +，8 OLI和Sentinel-2A）来估计其变化率。基于Landsat和Sentinel数据，计算了修正的归一化差异水指数，以证明1990年至2018年之间阿拉克湖沿岸的海岸线变化。此外，对海岸线动力学的监测和分析是基于阿拉克湖的主要形态特征，包括水面面积，海岸线长度，海岸地貌等。我们的研究结果表明，取决于海岸类型，海岸线会持续退缩。例如，对于裸露海岸，1990年至2018年之间的土地淹没范围是120至270 m。对于累积海岸（主要是东北，北部和西北海岸）而言，土地的淹没范围是200至900米Alakol湖周围的大片农田被水淹没了。这项研究证明了监测海岸线动态的重要性，因为它为了解沿海地区对当代自然和人为影响的反应提供了重要信息。

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