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首页> 外文期刊>Geosciences >Role of Faults in Hydrocarbon Leakage in the Hammerfest Basin, SW Barents Sea: Insights from Seismic Data and Numerical Modelling
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Role of Faults in Hydrocarbon Leakage in the Hammerfest Basin, SW Barents Sea: Insights from Seismic Data and Numerical Modelling

机译：巴伦支海哈默菲斯特盆地断层在油气泄漏中的作用：地震数据和数值模拟的启示

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Hydrocarbon prospectivity in the Greater Barents Sea remains enigmatic as gas discoveries have dominated over oil in the past three decades. Numerous hydrocarbon-related fluid flow anomalies in the area indicate leakage and redistribution of petroleum in the subsurface. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the geological driving factors for leakage from the reservoirs and the response of deep petroleum reservoirs to the Cenozoic exhumation and the Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciations. Based on 2D and 3D seismic data interpretation, we constructed a basin-scale regional 3D petroleum systems model for the Hammerfest Basin (1 km × 1 km grid spacing). A higher resolution model (200 m × 200 m grid spacing) for the Sn?hvit and Albatross fields was then nested in the regional model to further our understanding of the subsurface development over geological time. We tested the sensitivity of the modeled petroleum leakage by including and varying fault properties as a function of burial and erosion, namely fault capillary entry pressures and permeability during glacial cycles. In this study, we find that the greatest mass lost from the Jurassic reservoirs occurs during ice unloading, which accounts for a 60%–80% reduction of initial accumulated mass in the reservoirs. Subsequent leakage events show a stepwise decrease of 7%–25% of the remaining mass from the reservoirs. The latest episode of hydrocarbon leakage occurred following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) when differential loading of Quaternary strata resulted in reservoir tilt and spill. The first modeled hydrocarbon leakage event coincides with a major fluid venting episode at the time of a major Upper Regional angular Unconformity (URU, ~0.8 Ma), evidenced by an abundance of pockmarks at this stratigraphic interval. Our modelling results show that leakage along the faults bounding the reservoir is the dominant mechanism for hydrocarbon leakage and is in agreement with observed shallow gas leakage indicators of gas chimneys, pockmarks and fluid escape pipes. We propose a conceptual model where leaked thermogenic gases from the reservoir were also locked in gas hydrate deposits beneath the base of the glacier during glaciations of the Hammerfest Basin and decomposed rapidly during subsequent deglaciation, forming pockmarks and fluid escape pipes. This is the first study to our knowledge to integrate petroleum systems modelling with seismic mapping of hydrocarbon leakage indicators for a holistic numerical model of the subsurface geology, thus closing the gap between the seismic mapping of fluid flow events and the geological history of the area.
机译：在过去的三十年中，由于天然气的发现主导了石油，因此大巴伦支海的油气勘探前景仍然难以捉摸。该地区许多与烃有关的流体流动异常表明地下石油泄漏和重新分布。关于储层渗漏的地质驱动因素以及深层石油储层对新生代掘出和上新世-更新世冰川的响应，许多问题仍未得到解答。基于2D和3D地震数据解释，我们为Hammerfest盆地（1 km×1 km网格间距）构建了盆地规模的区域3D石油系统模型。然后将Snhhvit和Albatross油田的高分辨率模型（200 m×200 m网格间距）嵌套在区域模型中，以进一步了解地质时期的地下发育。我们通过包括和改变断层性质作为埋藏和侵蚀的函数，即断层毛细血管入口压力和冰川周期的渗透率，来测试模型化石油泄漏的敏感性。在这项研究中，我们发现侏罗纪储层最大的质量损失发生在卸冰过程中，这意味着储层中初始累积质量减少了60％–80％。随后的泄漏事件表明，储层剩余质量逐步降低了7％–25％。当第四纪地层的不同载荷导致储层倾斜和溢出时，最后一次冰期最大值（LGM）之后发生了最新一次的油气泄漏事件。第一个模拟的碳氢化合物泄漏事件与上部区域大角度不整合面（URU，〜0.8 Ma）发生时的主要流体排放事件相吻合，在该地层间隔上有大量的麻点。我们的模拟结果表明，沿着储层边界的断层渗漏是油气渗漏的主要机制，并且与观测到的烟囱，麻子和泄油管的浅层漏气指标相吻合。我们提出了一个概念模型，其中在Hammerfest盆地冰川化过程中，从储层泄漏的生热气体也被锁定在冰川底部的天然气水合物沉积物中，并在随后的冰消过程中迅速分解，形成麻点和逃逸管道。这是我们所知的第一项研究，将石油系统建模与烃泄漏指标的地震测绘相结合，以建立地下地质的整体数值模型，从而缩小流体流动事件的地震测绘与该地区地质历史之间的差距。

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