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Limits to Ponderosa Pine Regeneration following Large High-Severity Forest Fires in the United States Southwest

机译：美国西南部发生高强度森林大火后美国黄松的再生限制

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High-severity fires in dry conifer forests of the United States Southwest have created large (1000 ha) treeless areas that are unprecedented in the regional historical record. These fires have reset extensive portions of Southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) forest landscapes. At least two recovery options following high-severity fire are emerging. One option is for post-fire successional pathways to move toward a return to the pre-fire forest type. Alternatively, an area may transition to persistent non-forested ecosystems. We studied regeneration patterns of ponderosa pine following eight fires in Arizona and New Mexico, USA, that burned in dry conifer forests dominated by ponderosa pine during a recent 18-year regional drought period, 1996 to 2013. Our a priori hypotheses were: 1) the most xeric areas within these severely burned dry conifer forests are least likely to regenerate to the pre-fire forest type due to persistent post-fire moisture stress; and 2) areas farther away from conifer seed sources have a lower likelihood of regeneration, even if these areas are climatically favorable for post-fire ponderosa pine establishment. We evaluated our hypotheses using empirical data and generalized linear mixed-effects models. We found that low-elevation, xeric sites are more limiting to conifer regeneration than higher-elevation mesic sites. Areas 150 m from a seed source are much less likely to have ponderosa pine regeneration. Spatial interpolations of modeled post-fire regeneration of ponderosa pine across the study landscapes indicate expansive areas with low likelihood of pine regeneration following high-severity fire. We discuss multiple post-fire successional pathways following high-severity fire, including potentially stable transitions to non-forest vegetation types that may represent long-term type conversions. These findings regarding landscape changes in Southwest forests in response to fires and post-fire regeneration patterns during early-stage climate warming contribute to the development of better-informed ecosystem management strategies for forest adaptation or mitigation under projected hotter droughts in this region.
机译：美国西南干旱针叶林的高烈度大火造成了大面积（> 1000公顷）的无树地区，这在该地区的历史记录中是前所未有的。这些大火使西南部美国黄松（Pinus tankerosa Lawson＆C. Lawson var。scopulorum Engelm。）森林景观大面积复位。高强度火灾后至少出现了两种恢复选择。一种选择是使火灾后的连续路径朝着恢复火灾前森林类型的方向发展。或者，某个地区可能过渡到持久的非森林生态系统。我们研究了在美国亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州发生的八场大火之后的美国黄松的再生方式，这些火灾在最近的18年区域干旱期间（1996年至2013年）在以美国黄松为主的干燥针叶林中燃烧。我们的先验假设是：1）由于持续的火灾后水分压力，这些严重烧毁的干燥针叶林中最干燥的区域最不可能再生为火灾前的森林类型; 2）距离针叶树种子源较远的地区再生的可能性较低，即使这些地区在气候上有利于火后黄松树的建立。我们使用经验数据和广义线性混合效应模型评估了我们的假设。我们发现，低海拔的旱地比高海拔的旱地更受针叶树的限制。距离种子源> 150 m的区域极少发生黄松的再生。在整个研究景观中模拟的美国黄松火后再生的空间插值表明，高烈度火后松树再生的可能性很小的广阔地区。我们讨论了高强度火灾后的多种火灾后演替途径，包括向非森林植被类型的潜在稳定过渡，这可能代表长期的类型转换。这些有关西南森林在早期气候变暖期间响应于大火和大火后再生方式的景观变化的发现，有助于在该地区预计更热的干旱条件下，开发出更为明智的生态系统管理策略，以适应或缓解森林。

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