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The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil: Past and Present

机译：在巴西的塞拉多和亚马逊雨林中使用火：过去和现在

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Humans have been changing the natural fire regimes in most Brazilian vegetation types for over 4000 years. Natural lightning fires can easily happen in savannas and grasslands, but they are rare in the moist rainforests. Today, anthropogenic fires are frequent in both the fire-adapted cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and the fire-sensitive rainforest. In this paper, I compare two very different biomes concerning their susceptibilities and responses to fire: the Amazon rainforest and the cerrado. I present an overview of their fire history, especially regarding human-made fires for land management, and pull together information about the use of fire by indigenous peoples in the cerrado and the Amazon, as this information is very fragmented. Accordingly, I describe how fire regimes have changed in these biomes over time due to agricultural practices and the consequences of the current altered fire regimes. After European settlement, fire frequency greatly increased in the cerrado, especially related to cattle ranching, and more recently in the more seasonal landscapes in the Amazon. In cerrado natural preserves, however, managers try to keep fire away, but wildfires eventually come and develop into destructive events. Actions to reduce biodiversity loss and environmental deterioration due to inappropriate fire management are necessary and should be very distinct in both areas: in the Amazon they would include the development of policies to stimulate fire-free, small-scale agricultural projects, and in the cerrado, sustainable use of fire for cattle ranching is possible but the regimes must be fitted to local specific features in order to avoid land degradation. In cerrado conservation areas, proper fire management programs based on scientific knowledge and the incorporation of the traditional expertise of indigenous peoples are needed to maintain the biological diversity, to maintain the ecological processes, and to reduce wildfires.
机译：超过4000年以来，人类一直在改变大多数巴西植被类型的自然火灾状况。稀树草原和草原上很容易发生自然雷火，但在潮湿的雨林中很少见。如今，适应火的塞拉多（巴西大草原）和对火敏感的雨林都频繁发生人为火灾。在本文中，我比较了两个关于其对火的敏感性和反应性的不同生物群落：亚马逊雨林和塞拉多。我概述了他们的火灾历史，特别是关于人为土地管理的人为火灾，并汇总了塞拉多和亚马逊地区土著人民使用火的信息，因为这些信息非常分散。因此，我描述了由于农业实践，这些生物群落的火势如何随时间变化，以及当前火势变化的后果。欧洲定居后，塞拉多的火警频率大大增加，特别是与牧场放牧有关，最近在亚马逊地区更季节性的景观中。然而，在塞拉多的自然保护区中，管理人员试图阻止火势蔓延，但野火最终会演变成破坏性事件。减少因不适当的火灾管理而导致的生物多样性丧失和环境恶化的行动是必要的，并且在这两个领域应截然不同：在亚马逊地区，它们将包括制定政策以刺激无火的小型农业项目，以及在塞拉多，可以可持续地使用火进行养牛，但是必须根据当地的具体情况来制定制度，以避免土地退化。在塞拉多保护区，需要以科学知识为基础并结合土著人民的传统专门知识，制定适当的火灾管理计划，以维持生物多样性，维持生态过程和减少野火。

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