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Slow Sand Filters as a part of integrated protection of seedlings against disease in forest nurseries

机译：慢砂滤池是森林苗圃中幼苗免受疾病综合保护的一部分

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Slow Sand Filters (SSF) are a biological method used to protect nursery plants, from pathogen infections which can cause serious diseases in many forest tree species. Thanks to SSF application the number of phytopathogens in nurseries can be significantly reduced, as demonstrated by many field and greenhouse experiments (e.g. in Polish nurseries, and for horticultural crops in Germany and The Netherlands). In this study, the effect of pollution from fertilizers and fungicides used in agriculture (e.g. PCNB) on the efficiency of SSFs was assessed. A quantitative analysis was performed of the copiotrophic and oligotrophic bacterial composition colonizing SSF biofilms. The efficiency with which selected Oomycete strains belonging to the genus Phytophthora (P. alni, P. cactorum, P. plurivora) were removed from water was determined based on genetic material (DNA of the organisms) found in the SSF filtrate. Specific primers and TaqMan probes (qPCR) appeared to be the most sensitive molecular methods. Moreover, the microbiological analysis of SSF biofilm performed with selective media allowed the growth of copiothrophic and oligothrophic bacteria to be estimated. The influence of fungicide (PCNB) and N-fertilizer on the number of bacteria in each biofilm was also evaluated. The pollution of water with fertilizer (being used for plant irrigation) was demonstrated to reduce the efficiency of filtration more than fungicide addition (the amount of DNA from those investigated pathogens in the water decreased with time). The amount of bacteria in SSF biofilm readily increased after application of N-fertilizer in contrast to fungicide (PCNB) addition.
机译：慢砂滤池（SSF）是一种用于保护苗圃植物免受病原体感染的生物方法，病原体感染可能导致许多林木物种中的严重疾病。由于应用了SSF，许多田间和温室试验（例如在波兰的苗圃中以及德国和荷兰的园艺作物中）证明，苗圃中的植物病原体数量可以大大减少。在这项研究中，评估了农业中使用的肥料和杀真菌剂（例如PCNB）造成的污染对SSF效率的影响。对定殖在SSF生物膜上的营养缺陷和营养缺陷的细菌成分进行了定量分析。基于在SSF滤液中发现的遗传物质（生物体的DNA），确定从水中去除属于疫霉属（P. alni，P。cactorum，P。plurivora）的所选卵菌菌株的效率。特异性引物和TaqMan探针（qPCR）似乎是最敏感的分子方法。此外，用选择性培养基进行的SSF生物膜的微生物学分析可以估计嗜噬菌和寡噬菌的生长。还评估了杀菌剂（PCNB）和氮肥对每种生物膜中细菌数量的影响。肥料（用于植物灌溉）对水的污染被证明比添加杀真菌剂更能降低过滤效率（水中被调查的病原体的DNA量随时间减少）。与添加杀菌剂（PCNB）相比，施氮肥后SSF生物膜中细菌的数量容易增加。

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