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The Internet, social networking Web sites and political participation research: Assumptions and contradictory evidence

机译：互联网，社交网站和政治参与研究：假设和矛盾的证据

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Over the last decade there has been a proliferation of academic studies addressing the relationship between the Internet and politics, with an increasing number of publications focusing on the impact of such a medium on political participation. Within this specific sub-field research has produced contrasting evidence and generated an intense academic debate. Some scholars stressed the positive impact of the Internet on political participation ( i.e. , optimists), while others minimised its mobilising power, emphasising its tendency to reinforce existing participatory trends ( i.e. , normalisers) or highlighting its limited or even negative influence on political participation ( i.e. , pessimists). Similar findings also emerged in relation to social networking Web sites (SNSs), digital platforms that have been the subject of much research in recent years. This paper discusses how two assumptions characterising many studies focusing on the Internet, SNSs and political participation have contributed to the contradictory findings produced by optimists, pessimists and normalisers. The first assumption is the consideration of political participation as an activity aimed exclusively at affecting governments’ actions, either directly or indirectly. This conceptualisation has arguably prevented scholars from grasping the multidimensional nature of political participation and from assessing how the influence of the Internet on this phenomenon can vary according to the different types of political activity. The second assumption is the perception of the Internet as a homogeneous platform and an over-generalised notion of Internet usage. This, in turn, has led researchers to concentrate on the online/off-line distinction and to overlook the impact of different digital tools and various usage practices. This paper argues for a shift in the ways political participation, Internet and SNSs usage are conceptualised and operationalised in academia. It suggests moving away from the polarised debate between optimists, pessimists and normalisers, and adopting a more differential approach through which examining the effects of digital technologies on political participation.
机译：在过去的十年中，针对互联网与政治之间关系的学术研究激增，越来越多的出版物着眼于这种媒介对政治参与的影响。在这一特定的子领域研究中，产生了相反的证据，并引起了激烈的学术辩论。一些学者强调了互联网对政治参与的积极影响（即乐观主义者），而另一些学者则将其动员能力降至最低，强调了其加强现有参与趋势的趋势（即规范化者），或强调了其对政治参与的有限甚至负面影响（即，悲观主义者）。关于社交网站（SNS）的数字平台也出现了类似的发现，这是近年来受到大量研究的主题。本文讨论了表征许多专注于互联网，SNS和政治参与的研究的两个假设如何促进乐观主义者，悲观主义者和规范主义者得出的矛盾结论。第一个假设是将政治参与视为一项专门旨在直接或间接影响政府行动的活动。可以说，这种概念化阻止了学者们掌握政治参与的多维性质，也无法评估互联网对这一现象的影响如何根据政治活动的不同类型而变化。第二个假设是将Internet视为同构平台和对Internet使用的笼统概念。反过来，这导致研究人员将精力集中在在线/离线区别上，而忽略了不同数字工具和各种使用习惯的影响。本文主张改变学术界对政治参与，互联网和SNS使用的概念化和运作方式。它建议摆脱乐观主义者，悲观主义者和规范主义者之间的两极分化辩论，而应采取一种更具差异性的方法来研究数字技术对政治参与的影响。

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