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The user as network

机译：用户为网络

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The user has become central to the way technology is conceptualized, designed, and studied in sociotechnical research and human-computer interaction; recently, non-users have also become productive foci of scholarly analysis. This paper argues that a focus on individualized users and non-users is incomplete, and conflates multiple modes of complex relation among people, institutions, and technologies. Rather than the useon-use conception, I argue for conceptualizing users as networks : as constellations of power relations and institutional entanglements, mediated through technologies. To illustrate, I offer a case study of Nexafed, a tamperproof formulation of pseudoephedrine. The market for Nexafed seems nonexistent in traditional useon-use terms, but when we construe the user more broadly — as a network of interpersonal, legal, and institutional relationships, consisting of multiple modes of relation between people and technology — not only does the drug’s market make sense, but we also understand how new motivations (social shame, mistrust, robbery, gossip) can act as salient drivers of technology use. The Nexafed case illustrates the utility of a networked perspective to develop more nuanced theoretical understandings of use and non-use in sociotechnical relations, beyond the direct human-technology interface.
机译：用户已成为社会技术研究和人机交互中技术的概念化，设计和研究方式的中心。最近，非用户也已成为学术分析的重要焦点。本文认为，对个人用户和非用户的关注是不完整的，并融合了人，机构和技术之间复杂关系的多种模式。我主张将用户概念化为网络，而不是使用/不使用概念：网络是通过技术介导的权力关系和制度纠缠的星座。为了说明这一点，我提供了Nexafed（一种防伪伪麻黄碱制剂）的案例研究。 Nexafed的市场在传统使用/非使用方面似乎不存在，但是当我们更广泛地对用户进行解释时，即人与人，法律和机构关系网络（由人与技术之间的多种联系方式组成），毒品市场是有道理的，但我们也了解新动机（社会耻辱，不信任，抢劫，八卦）如何成为技术使用的重要推动力。 Nexafed案例说明了网络化视角的实用性，它可以在人类技术的直接界面之外，发展对社会技术关系中使用和不使用的更细致的理论理解。

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